Balance of Payments Adjustment Policies; Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands

Author(s):  
A. E. Tiemann ◽  
M. Michaely
Economica ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (141) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Cohen ◽  
Michael Michaely

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Harold T. Shapiro ◽  
Michael Michaely

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Webb

Analysts have commonly argued that there has been a decline in international coordination of the kinds of policies that governments can use to manage the international payments imbalances that emerge when different governments pursue different macroeconomic policies. The decline typically has been attributed to a posited decline in American hegemony. In contrast, this article argues that international coordination of macroeconomic adjustment policies (trade and capital controls, exchange rate policies, balance-of-payments financing, and monetary and fiscal policies) was at least as extensive for much of the 1980s as it had been in the 1960s. There was, however, a shift away from coordination of balance-of-payments financing and other policies that have limited direct consequences for domestic economic and political conditions and a concurrent shift toward coordination of monetary and fiscal policies that are critically important for domestic politics and economics. This change is best explained as a consequence of changes in the structure of the international economy. Most important, international capital market integration encouraged governments to coordinate monetary and fiscal policies because balance-of-payments financing and exchange rate coordination alone are insufficient to manage the enormous payments imbalances that emerge when capital is able to flow internationally in search of higher interest rates and appreciating currencies.


1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-568

The Council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, composed of cabinet members of the governments of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Greece, Norway, Portugal, Belgium and the Netherlands, held a series of secret meetings during May and June in an attempt to solve the problem of intra-European trade and the intra-European payments system which was scheduled to end June 30, 1949. The principal objections to the existing payments system were that it was originally formed in a series of bilateral agreements between each of the countries, that the original agreements were based on estimates of the expected balance of payments which had in some cases been erroneous, and that existing quotas had stifled trade.


1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-700

On August 3 the Council of OEEC approved the report of the working party which studied the financial condition of eighteen European areas (Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Western German Federal Republic, Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Trieste, Turkey and the United Kingdom) from March 3 to June 20. On the working party were experts from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom. The report found that some degree of confidence and internal financial stability had been restored in Austria and Greece, that price stability had been maintained through budget surplus and direct controls in Norway and the United Kingdom and that in consequence inflation was receding, and inflationary pressure had been largely reduced in the Netherlands and Denmark, where direct controls had been in effect. In both of these last named countries there had been some increase in unemployment in 1949 and a tendency toward an increase in private savings was noted. In the Netherlands the balance of payments deficit had been reduced, but Denmark's terms of trade had steadily become less favorable. Both Sweden and Switzerland attained a surplus in the balance of payments in 1949; Sweden reduced the amount of direct controls, while Switzerland had a moderate decline in prices and unemployment was low in both countries. In Belgium, Germany and Italy prices had tended to fall and unemployment had remained high. The working party advised in its report that the effects of devaluation on the internal situation of the participating countries had been slight in relation to the amount of devaluation. However, the trend of downward prices was reversed in many countries after devaluation and the subsequent increase in prices had brought pressure for increased wages. The report recommended that countries in thispredicament prevent this pressure from starting a renewed inflation. The report noted that with the tapering off of United States aid which had allowed an overall import surplus the countries were faced with a dollar shortage and that unless they borrowed from abroad, a reduction on over-all balance of payments deficits would be necessary. The report recognized that in such an instance there would be an internal problem of preventing domestic consumption and investment from increasing as fast as production, and that it would be necessary for such countries to economize on their imports from dollar sources.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document