Volatile Fatty Acids in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

1989 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Lochmiller ◽  
E. C. Hellgren ◽  
J. F. Gallagher ◽  
L. W. Varner ◽  
W. E. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Collared Peccary ◽  
Tayassu Tajacu

scholarly journals Influence of Diet Enriched with Cocoa Bean Extracts on Physiological Indices of Laboratory Rats

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Żyżelewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Bojczuk ◽  
Grażyna Budryn ◽  
Adam Jurgoński ◽  
Zenon Zduńczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Indices ◽  
Wide Range

Cocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids which have a wide range of biological properties. The aim of the study was to determine the physiological indices of laboratory rats as a response to diets containing water extracts of raw or roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety, as well as purified monomeric flavan-3-ols fraction isolated from them. The influence of these extracts on selected parameters was studied during 4 weeks feeding. The samples of rats feces were collected throughout the experiment and after its completion, biological samples (intestines content, blood, and organs) were retrieved individually from each rat and subjected to analyses. The observed changes in the gastrointestinal tract functioning indices and metabolism indicators, determined throughout the study and after its completion, confirm to some extent the biological activity of polyphenol extracts of cocoa beans. The differences in the results obtained for the analyzed parameters of the gastrointestinal tract revealed that the cocoa bean extracts differently affected the physicochemical properties of rats’ intestines. The results indicate the beneficial effects of the applied nutrition treatment on the activity of cecal enzymes and the content of volatile fatty acids in the gut.

Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

The VFA, also known as short-chain fatty acids, are produced in the gastrointestinal tract by microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and endogenous substrates, such as mucus. This can be of great advantage to the animal, since no digestive enzymes exist for breaking down cellulose or other complex carbohydrates. The VFA are produced in the largest amounts in herbivorous animal species and especially in the forestomach of ruminants. The VFA, however, also are produced in the lower digestive tract of humans and all animal species, and intestinal fermentation resembles that occurring in the rumen. The principal VFA in either the rumen or large intestine are acetate, propionate, and butyrate and are produced in a ratio varying from approximately 75:15:10 to 40:40:20. Absorption of VFA at their site of production is rapid, and large quantities are metabolized by the ruminal or large intestinal epithelium before reaching the portal blood. Most of the butyrate is converted to ketone bodies or CO2 by the epithelial cells, and nearly all of the remainder is removed by the liver. Propionate is similarly removed by the liver but is largely converted to glucose. Although species differences exist, acetate is used principally by peripheral tissues, especially fat and muscle. Considerable energy is obtained from VFA in herbivorous species, and far more research has been conducted on ruminants than on other species. Significant VFA, however, are now known to be produced in omnivorous species, such as pigs and humans. Current estimates are that VFA contribute approximately 70% to the caloric requirements of ruminants, such as sheep and cattle, approximately 10% for humans, and approximately 20-30% for several other omnivorous or herbivorous animals. The amount of fiber in the diet undoubtedly affects the amount of VFA produced, and thus the contribution of VFA to the energy needs of the body could become considerably greater as the dietary fiber increases. Pigs and some species of monkey most closely resemble humans, and current research should be directed toward examining the fermentation processes and VFA metabolism in those species. In addition to the energetic or nutritional contributions of VFA to the body, the VFA may indirectly influence cholesterol synthesis and even help regulate insulin or glucagon secretion. In addition, VFA production and absorption have a very significant effect on epithelial cell growth, blood flow, and the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine, cecum, and rumen. The absorption of VFA and sodium, for example, seem to be interdependent, and release of bicarbonate usually occurs during VFA absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Changes in composition and pH of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of sheep in relation to scouring induced by wheat engorgement

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Changes in the composition of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract of scouring sheep fed on wheat grain ad libitum were studied relative to sheep fed on lucerne hay ad libitum. Wheat engorgement significantly (P < 0.005) depressed the pH of the digesta in the reticulorumen and the digestive tract distal to the jejunum. A mean total volatile fatty acids concentration of 10.3mM in the caecum of scouring sheep was significantly lower than the mean of 51.6mM in sheep fed on lucerne hay. Net absorption of water was negligible in the colon of scouring sheep as digesta were only 13.7–14.7% dry matter, whereas in sheep fed on lucerne, the dry matter of digesta increased from 14.7% in the caecum to 27.9% at the rectum.

Improving the prediction of rumen volatile fatty acids in lactating dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) constitute the largest fraction of metabolizable energy absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The molar proportion of individual VFA is important because individual VFA have a different fate in intermediary metabolism. However, rumen models predict the VFA molar proportions inaccurately from feed characteristics (Dijkstra, 1993). To investigate what model elements are responsible for this inaccuracy, modified descriptions of several elements were tested and sensitivity of VFA predictions was determined. This simulation study aims to identify model elements whose improved description can contribute to a more accurate prediction of VFA molar proportions.

Improving the prediction of rumen volatile fatty acids in lactating dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
A. Bannink ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Accurate Prediction ◽  
Intermediary Metabolism ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) constitute the largest fraction of metabolizable energy absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. The molar proportion of individual VFA is important because individual VFA have a different fate in intermediary metabolism. However, rumen models predict the VFA molar proportions inaccurately from feed characteristics (Dijkstra, 1993). To investigate what model elements are responsible for this inaccuracy, modified descriptions of several elements were tested and sensitivity of VFA predictions was determined. This simulation study aims to identify model elements whose improved description can contribute to a more accurate prediction of VFA molar proportions.

Net mesenteric and portal absorption and rumen metabolism of volatile fatty acids in forage-fed steers receiving intraruminal propionic acid

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 54-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Seal ◽  
D.S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Total Body Oxygen

The ability of the gut tissues to absorb nutrients and the extent to which these are then metabolised within the gastrointestinal tract plays a central role in regulating the supply of metabolites to the liver and consequently influences the availability of nutrients for hepatic and peripheral tissue use. Energy consumption by the portal drained viscera is extensive and may account for 25% of total body oxygen consumption (Huntington and Reynolds, 1987). Substrates available for oxidative metabolism include volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in the rumen and large intestine as addition to arterial supply of these nutrients. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of increased propionate availability on metabolism of VFA in the rumen and the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Decreasing dietary particle size of lupins increases apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and alters fermentation characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Cheol Kim ◽  
Bruce P. Mullan ◽  
Jung Min Heo ◽  
Christian F. Hansen ◽  
John R. Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of lupin particle size on amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility and fermentation characteristics in pigs. Expt 1 examined the effects of lupin variety (cv. Tanjil and Mandelup) and lupin particle size (746, 888, 1099 and 1136 μm) on the total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary components in 63·5 (sd 7·28) kg pigs. While variety had no effect on total-tract apparent digestibility, decreasing particle size of lupins linearly increased total-tract apparent digestibility of crude protein of diets containing 350 g lupins per kg (P < 0·01). Expt 2 examined the effect of lupin particle size (567, 995, 1198, 1250 and 1304 μm) on digestion and fermentation characteristics in 29·8 (sd 2·9) kg pigs. Pigs were fed the respective diets ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and fed at three times maintenance energy level in the third week. Pigs were euthanised under sedation at 46·7 (sd 4·21) kg to collect digesta samples along the intestinal tract. Decreasing particle size increased apparent ileal and total-tract digestible N (P < 0·01) and the apparent and standardised ileal digestible AA content (P < 0·05– < 0·001) of lupins. Decreasing particle size of lupins linearly decreased the molar proportion of straight-chain volatile fatty acids (sum of acetic, propionic and butyric acids; VFAAPB), while branched-chain fatty acids (sum of valeric, caproic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids) were linearly increased (P < 0·001). The results demonstrated that particle size of lupins is a critical factor influencing nutrient, especially AA, utilisation efficiency and fermentation characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.

Unravelling a microbial synergy to boost caproate production via carboxylates chain elongation with ethanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Ling Leng ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Peixian Yang ◽  
Takashi Narihiro ◽  
Masaru Konishi Nobu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Microbial Network ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Chain elongation of volatile fatty acids for medium chain fatty acids production (e.g. caproate) is an attractive approach to treat wastewater anaerobically and recover resource simultaneously. Undefined microbial consortia can be tailored to achieve chain elongation process with selective enrichment from anaerobic digestion sludge, which has advantages over pure culture approach for cost-efficient application. Whilst the metabolic pathway of the dominant caproate producer, Clostridium kluyveri, has been annotated, the role of other coexisting abundant microbiomes remained unclear. To this end, an ethanol-acetate fermentation inoculated with fresh digestion sludge at optimal conditions was conducted. Also, physiological study, thermodynamics and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate the biological process by linking the system performance and dominant microbiomes were integrated. Results revealed a possible synergistic network in which C. kluyveri and three co-dominant species, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Fusobacterium varium and Acetoanaerobium sticklandii coexisted. D. vulgaris and A. sticklandii (F. varium) were likely to boost the carboxylates chain elongation by stimulating ethanol oxidation and butyrate production through a syntrophic partnership with hydrogen (H2) serving as an electron messenger. This study unveils a synergistic microbial network to boost caproate production in mixed culture carboxylates chain elongation.

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