Mucosal Surface Areas and Villous Morphology of the Small Intestine of Small Mammals: Functional Interpretations

1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Surface Areas

scholarly journals In Vivo Autophagy Up-Regulation of Small Intestine Enterocytes in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles during Hibernation

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waseem Ali Vistro ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Xuebing Bai ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
Yufei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Sequestosome 1 ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Positive Immunoreactivity

Many studies have focused on how autophagy plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis under pathological conditions. However, its role in the intestine during hibernation remains unclear. In the current study, we characterized in vivo up-regulation of autophagy in enterocytes of the small intestine of Chinese soft-shelled turtles during hibernation. Autophagy-specific markers were used to confirm the existence of autophagy in enterocytes through immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunoblotting. IHC staining indicated strong, positive immunoreactivity of the autophagy-related gene (ATG7), microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) within the mucosal surface during hibernation and poor expression during nonhibernation. IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for ATG7, LC3, and sequestosome 1 (p62). During hibernation ATG7 and LC3 showed strong, positive immunosignaling within the mucosal surface, while p62 showed strong, positive immunosignaling during nonhibernation. Similar findings were confirmed by immunoblotting. Moreover, the ultrastructural components of autophagy in enterocytes were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During hibernation, the cumulative formation of phagophores and autophagosomes were closely associated with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in enterocytes. These autophagosomes overlapped with lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and degraded mitochondria to facilitate the formation of autophagolysosome, amphisomes, and mitophagy in enterocytes. Immunoblotting showed the expression level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was enhanced during hibernation. Furthermore, the exosome secretion pathway of early–late endosomes and multivesicular bodies were closely linked with autophagosomes in enterocytes during hibernation. These findings suggest that the entrance into hibernation is a main challenge for reptiles to maintain homeostasis and cellular quality control in the intestine.

Effect of normal microbial flora on intestinal surface area

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut A. Gordon ◽  
Edith Bruckner-Kardoss
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Mucosal Surface Area ◽  
Normal Microbial Flora

The mucosal surface area of the small intestine was determined in young adult, germfree and conventional rats. On the average, the germfree values were found to be 30% lower than those of conventional animals. This reduction was pronounced in the mid- and lower parts of the small intestine and relatively slight in the upper segment. It is assumed that the higher surface area values of conventional rats are due to the "physiologic" stimulation by the normal microbial flora.

Seasonal changes in gut morphology of the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anetta Borkowska
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Apodemus Agrarius ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mucosal Surface Area

I studied seasonal changes in length and wet mass of the digestive tract and area of the mucosal surface of the small intestine in wild adult striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius). The length and mass of the gut varied with season in males but not females. The mucosal surface area of the small intestine was highly correlated with seasonal variations in the size of the alimentary tract. Changes in the surface area of the mucosa depended on changes in both villus size and the number of villi per unit area. The area of the intestinal mucosa varied during the year in both females and males, but unexpectedly, the mucosal surface area in females was significantly larger than in males only in autumn. Because gut size decreased toward late autumn, I suggest that late autumn was not a stressful period (i.e., because of low temperature or poor-quality food) for wild field mice. The decrease in gut parameters may have been an effect of declining metabolic requirements and completion of reproduction in late autumn.

Chronic systemic treatment with epidermal growth factor in the rat increases the mucosal surface of the small intestine

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Vinter-Jensen ◽  
Morten Smerup ◽  
Peter Kissmeyer-Nielsen ◽  
Steen Seier Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Mechanisms maintaining a low-pH microclimate in the intestine

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. G608-G617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. F. Shiau ◽  
P. Fernandez ◽  
M. J. Jackson ◽  
S. McMonagle
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Unstirred Water Layer ◽  
Ion Secretion ◽  
Ion Movement ◽  
Ph Electrode

The presence of an unequilibrated region adjacent to the mucosal surface of the small intestine has long been suggested. Controversy remains as to the characteristics of this region. This study was designed to further define these characteristics. Our studies demonstrated by two independent methods, pH electrode measurement and dye indicator, that a low-pH compartment does exist at the surface of the intestine. The thickness of this microclimate was estimated to be 700 microns, comparable with that described for the unstirred water layer. Maintenance of the low-pH compartment is due to the presence of a mucus coating rather than hydrogen ion secretion. We postulate that the mucus functions as an ampholyte and restricts hydrogen ion movement in its matrix. The acidic microclimate, unstirred water layer, and the mucus coating might in fact represent a common phenomenon.

Hypertrophy of the Small Intestine after its Partial Resection in the Rat – Size of the Mucosal Surface

Digestion ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Skála ◽  
V. Hromádková ◽  
J. Skála
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Partial Resection ◽  
Mucosal Surface
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