scholarly journals Ruffed Grouse Tolerance and Biotransformation of the Plant Secondary Metabolite Coniferyl Benzoate

The Condor ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Jakubas ◽  
William H. Karasov ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Coniferyl Benzoate

Nutritional Costs of a Plant Secondary Metabolite Explain Selective Foraging by Ruffed Grouse

Ecology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Guglielmo ◽  
William H. Karasov ◽  
Walter J. Jakubas
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Selective Foraging

Sodium balance in ruffed grouse as influenced by sodium levels and plant secondary metabolites in quaking aspen

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1106-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Jakubas ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo ◽  
Conrad Vispo ◽  
William H. Karasov
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Coniferyl Benzoate

Forages in boreal ecosystems are often deficient in sodium for mammalian herbivores. Moreover, consumption of various plant secondary metabolites has been associated with negative sodium balance in mammals. Neither of these issues has been investigated in birds, which differ from mammals in their ion-exchange processes and postrenal absorption of urine. Our objectives were to determine if ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) can maintain sodium balance on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) flower buds, an important winter food, and to determine if the buds' primary plant secondary metabolite (coniferyl benzoate) further compromises a bird's sodium balance. Captive ruffed grouse were fed either aspen buds (0.063 mg∙g−1 sodium) or a formulated diet having different concentrations of coniferyl benzoate in no-choice feeding trials. Sodium excretion did not change in response to coniferyl benzoate intake or acid load from detoxication processes; however, birds were marginally in negative sodium balance (P = 0.035; −5.06 ± 2.05 mg∙kg−1∙d−1) when feeding on aspen buds. Sodium levels in the feces from free-ranging grouse (0.050 ± 0.0 mg∙g−1) and in their winter foods (0.065 mg∙g−1) indicated that these birds likely maintained sodium balance. We estimated that free-ranging ruffed grouse may need as little as 7 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 of sodium to maintain sodium balance, which is lower than the minimum sodium requirements for poultry and mammals.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase by a Plant Secondary Metabolite Boldine

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kostelnik ◽  
Miroslav Pohanka
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Spectrophotometric Assay ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Mechanism Of Inhibition ◽  
In Silico Study ◽  
Natural Alkaloid

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are two enzymes sensitive to various chemical compounds having ability to bind to crucial parts of these enzymes. Boldine is a natural alkaloid and it was mentioned in some older works that it can inhibit some kinds of AChE. We reinvestigated this effect on AChE and also on BChE using acetyl (butyryl) thiocholine and Ellman’s reagents as standard substances for spectrophotometric assay. We found out IC50 of AChE equal to 372 μmol/l and a similar level to BChE, 321 μmol/l. We conclude our experiment by a finding that boldine is cholinesterase inhibitor; however we report significantly weaker inhibition than that suggested in literature. Likewise, we tried to investigate the mechanism of inhibition and completed it with in silico study. Potential toxic effect on cholinesterases in real conditions is also discussed.

Plant secondary metabolite polymorphisms and the extended chemical phenotype

2012 ◽  
pp. 247-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Iason ◽  
Ben D. Moore ◽  
Jack J. Lennon ◽  
Jenni A. Stockan ◽  
Graham H. R. Osler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite

Coniferyl benzoate in quaking aspen A ruffed grouse feeding deterrent

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Jakubas ◽  
Gordon W. Gullion
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Deterrent ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Ruffed Grouse ◽  
Coniferyl Benzoate

scholarly journals Comparative Metabolomics of Fruits and Leaves in a Hyperdiverse Lineage Suggests Fruits Are a Key Incubator of Phytochemical Diversification

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald F. Schneider ◽  
Diego Salazar ◽  
Sherry B. Hildreth ◽  
Richard F. Helm ◽  
Susan R. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Comparative Metabolomics ◽  
Plant Animal Interactions ◽  
Plant Level

Interactions between plants and leaf herbivores have long been implicated as the major driver of plant secondary metabolite diversity. However, other plant-animal interactions, such as those between fruits and frugivores, may also be involved in phytochemical diversification. Using 12 species of Piper, we conducted untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking with extracts of fruits and leaves. We evaluated organ-specific secondary metabolite composition and compared multiple dimensions of phytochemical diversity across organs, including richness, structural complexity, and variability across samples at multiple scales within and across species. Plant organ identity, species identity, and the interaction between the two all significantly influenced secondary metabolite composition. Leaves and fruit shared a majority of compounds, but fruits contained more unique compounds and had higher total estimated chemical richness. While the relative levels of chemical richness and structural complexity across organs varied substantially across species, fruit diversity exceeded leaf diversity in more species than the reverse. Furthermore, the variance in chemical composition across samples was higher for fruits than leaves. By documenting a broad pattern of high phytochemical diversity in fruits relative to leaves, this study lays groundwork for incorporating fruit into a comprehensive and integrative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping secondary metabolite composition at the whole-plant level.

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