Aeronautics of Bird Flight

The Condor ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling Bunnell
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight

Fifteen Testable Predictions about Bird Flight

Oikos ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Pennycuick
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight

scholarly journals Reply to Brougham and Brusatte: Overall anatomy confirms posture and flight model offers insight into the evolution of bird flight

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (40) ◽  
pp. E156-E156 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Alexander ◽  
E. Gong ◽  
L. D. Martin ◽  
D. A. Burnham ◽  
A. R. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight ◽  
Flight Model ◽  
Insight Into

Comparative power curves in bird flight

Nature ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 421 (6921) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Tobalske ◽  
T. L. Hedrick ◽  
K. P. Dial ◽  
A. A. Biewener
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight ◽  
Power Curves

The Mechanics of Bird-Flight

Science ◽  
1881 ◽  
Vol os-2 (29) ◽  
pp. 20-21
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight

A new low-turbulence wind tunnel for bird flight experiments at Lund University, Sweden

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (10) ◽  
pp. 1441-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Pennycuick ◽  
T Alerstam ◽  
A Hedenström
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Test Section ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Turbulence Level ◽  
Bird Flight ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Air Speed

A new wind tunnel for experiments on bird flight was completed at Lund University, Sweden, in September 1994. It is a closed-circuit design, with a settling section containing five screens and a contraction ratio of 12.25. The test section is octagonal, 1.20 m wide by 1.08 m high. The first 1.2 m of its length is enclosed by acrylic walls, and the last 0.5 m is open, giving unrestricted access. Experiments can be carried out in both the open and closed parts, and comparison between them can potentially be used to measure the lift effect correction. The fan is driven by an a.c. motor with a variable-frequency power supply, allowing the wind speed to be varied continuously from 0 to 38 m s-1. The whole machine can be tilted to give up to 8 ° descent and 6 ° climb. A pitot-static survey in the test section showed that the air speed was within ±1.3 % of the mean at 116 out of 119 sample points, exceeding this deviation at only three points at the edges. A hot-wire anemometer survey showed that the turbulence level in the closed part of the test section was below 0.04 % of the wind speed throughout most of the closed part of the test section, rising to approximately 0.06 % in the middle of the open part. No residual rotation from the fan could be detected in the test section. No decrease in wind speed was detectable beyond 3 cm from the side walls of the closed part, and turbulence was minimal beyond 10 cm from the walls. The installation of a safety net at the entrance to the test section increased the turbulence level by a factor of at least 30, to 1.2 % longitudinally and 1.0 % transversely.

Appendix G

1916 ◽  
Vol 20 (79) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Wilbur Wright
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Bird Flight ◽  
The Subject

My brother and I became seriously interested in the problem of flight in 1899, a little more than 12 years ago. Some three years before this the death of Lilienthal, which was mentioned in the newspapers of that day, had brought the subject to our attention and led us to make some inquiry for books relating to flight. But the only serious books we found were by Professor Marey, and these related to the mechanism of bird flight rather than human flight. As our interest at that time was mere curiosity as to what had been done, we did not pursue the subject further when we failed to find books relating to human flight.Several years later, while reading a book on ornithology, we became interested in studying the appearance and habits of birds, but it soon occurred to us that the really interesting thing about birds was their power of flight. This was a power which seemed to us almost in contradiction of the laws of nature.

scholarly journals Wing swing, not shape, is key to bird flight

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. jeb211441
Author(s):  
Alex Evans
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight

Bird flight modes

Avian Flight ◽  
2006 ◽  
pp. 122-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Videler
Keyword(s):  
Bird Flight
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document