Declining High-Wage Industries, Efficient Labour Contracts, and Optimal Adjustment Assistance

1995 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. S94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Barry
Keyword(s):  
High Wage ◽  
Optimal Adjustment ◽  
Labour Contracts

The Effects of Employment Protection legislationon Personnel Policies: A Review of Theoretical Modelsand Empirical results

2014 ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
O. Mironenko
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Labour Contracts ◽  
Hiring And Firing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Personnel Policies

Employers incur costs while fulfilling the requirements of employment protection legislation. The article contains a review of the core theoretical models and empirical results concerning the impact of these costs on firms’ practices in hiring, firing, training and remuneration. Overall, if wages are flexible or enforcement is weak, employment protection does not significantly influence employers’ behavior. Otherwise, stringent employment protection results in the reduction of hiring and firing rates, changes in personnel selection criteria, types of labour contracts and dismissal procedures, and, in some cases, it may lead to the growth of wages and firms’ investments to human capital.

scholarly journals Dynamic Markov Model: Password Guessing Using Probability Adjustment Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4607
Author(s):  
Xiaozhou Guo ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Kaijun Tan ◽  
Wenyu Mao ◽  
Min Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Markov Model ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Deterministic Algorithm ◽  
High Repetition Rate ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Dynamic Distribution ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Optimal Adjustment

In password guessing, the Markov model is still widely used due to its simple structure and fast inference speed. However, the Markov model based on random sampling to generate passwords has the problem of a high repetition rate, which leads to a low cover rate. The model based on enumeration has a lower cover rate for high-probability passwords, and it is a deterministic algorithm that always generates the same passwords in the same order, making it vulnerable to attack. We design a dynamic distribution mechanism based on the random sampling method. This mechanism enables the probability distribution of passwords to be dynamically adjusted and tend toward uniform distribution strictly during the generation process. We apply the dynamic distribution mechanism to the Markov model and propose a dynamic Markov model. Through comparative experiments on the RockYou dataset, we set the optimal adjustment degree α. Compared with the Markov model without the dynamic distribution mechanism, the dynamic Markov model reduced the repetition rate from 75.88% to 66.50% and increased the cover rate from 37.65% to 43.49%. In addition, the dynamic Markov model had the highest cover rate for high-probability passwords. Finally, the model avoided the lack of a deterministic algorithm, and when it was run five times, it reached almost the same cover rate as OMEN.

PRIVATIZATION TRANSFERS AND CREDIT MARKET FRICTIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-384
Author(s):  
Rodney M. Chun
Keyword(s):  
Credit Market ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Market Frictions ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Multiple Steady State ◽  
Market Friction ◽  
Credit Market Frictions ◽  
Privatization Policy

This paper examines an economy in which output is produced by state-owned enterprises and private firms. Private-capital formation requires intermediation that is subject to a credit market friction. In this environment, I look at the effects of a privatization policy that transfers state-owned capital to the private sector. Multiple steady-state equilibria are possible. When these arise, the low-wage equilibrium features a relatively inefficient financial system and privatization transfers help to increase the aggregate capital stock by reducing the severity of the credit market frictions. On the other hand, privatization transfers may have adverse effects when the economy is at the high-wage equilibrium. Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the model reveals that development trap phenomenon and endogenous fluctuations can be observed.

Modular Service-Oriented Cyber-Physical Systems for the European Tool Making Industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 752-753 ◽  
pp. 1349-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Schuh ◽  
Stefan Rudolf ◽  
Martin Pitsch ◽  
Martin Sommer ◽  
Wilhelm Karmann
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Industrial Product ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Serial Production ◽  
Product Service ◽  
Service Oriented

Manufacturing companies in high-wage countries are facing rising challenges in a global market. Increasing customer demands for a higher degree of individualization result in smaller lot sizes and higher variety of products. In addition, competitors from low-wage countries in Asia and Eastern Europe have significantly improved their technical capabilities, resulting in a more competitive environment. The tool making industry provides its customers with the means to achieve excellence in production due to its unique position in the value chain between product development and the serial production of parts. A tool making company’s ability to improve the efficiency of serial production and develop innovative product design is strongly dependent on its capability of integrating itself into the preceding and following customer processes. Over the last years, customer demands for global sourcing of tools have changed from low prices to the demands of extended tool operating life and high operational availability. European tool making companies have learned to take this development as a chance to differentiate themselves from global competitors and subsequently increase their range of services up- and downstream the value chain. As a result, new industrial product-service-systems (IPS²) for the European tool making industry need to be developed that address the demand of a higher degree of integration into the preceding and following customer processes. Within the German Government founded research project “Smart Tools”, an industrial product-service-system (IPS²) for the tool making industry has been developed based on a modular service-oriented cyber-physical system. Core element of the cyber-physical system is the smart tool – an injection molding tool equipped with state-of-the-art sensor technology to capture data on the condition of the tool during its operational use. Its intelligence derives from the condition based interpretation and data management of the collected process data which is also the basis for the design of customer specific services. Besides the successful integration of force and position sensors into the tool, experimental research has delivered important results on the application of solid borne sound sensors for online early detection of tool wear. An innovative concept for the distribution and interpretation of the process data incorporates the specific requirements of the customers. To cope with the demands of individual and small series production in the tool making industry, a modular sensor kit has been developed together with a diagnostic unit for data interpretation and storage of data in an electronic tool book. The developed modular service-oriented cyber-physical system delivers the means to extended tool operating life and improves the overall efficiency of serial production. Based on the results new business models can be developed for tool making companies to differentiate themselves from global competitors and overcome the challenges of production in high-wage countries.

Industrialisierung im Werkzeugbau – Upgrade 4.0*/Industrialization of tool making: Upgrade 4.0

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 836-842
Author(s):  
W. Boos ◽  
M. Pitsch ◽  
T. Kuhlmann ◽  
C. Kelzenberg
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Paradigm Change ◽  
Series Production ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Current Trends

Durch die aktuelle Wettbewerbssituation sind Werkzeugbaubetriebe am Hochlohnstandort Deutschland gezwungen, ihre Wertschöpfungsstrategien zu hinterfragen. Als das Bindeglied zwischen Produktentwicklung und Serienfertigung ist ein Paradigmenwechsel von der Werkstattorientierung zur Industrialisierung Grundvoraussetzung. Gleichzeitig nehmen aktuelle Trends und Herausforderungen entscheidenden Einfluss. Aufgabe und Ziel deutscher Werkzeugbaubetriebe ist deren Interpretation und operative Umsetzung.   In view of the competitive environment in a high-wage country like Germany, tool making companies are forced to reassess their current strategies. Their position between product development and series production basically calls for a paradigm change from craftsmanship to industrialization. Current trends and challenges are also exerting great influence on German tool making companies. Thus, they have to interpret them appropriately before putting them into practice.

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