Distinguishing between Indirect and Direct Outcome Variables to Predict Choices under Risk or Why Woody Chip Went to the Air

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindon J. Robison ◽  
Larry Lev
Keyword(s):  
Direct Outcome ◽  
Choices Under Risk

Music and Civic Space: The Political Harp

Public Voices ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dennard
Keyword(s):  
Public Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Irish Society ◽  
University College ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Civic Space

In Irish culture, the Celtic Harp is a metaphor for human struggle, freedom and intellectual life and, as such, is inextricably bound to politics. Separating Irish society from its politics, the birth of its government and music is simply not possible. Having a conference on Music and Civic Space in Ireland made a kind of sense in this way. In May 2005, an interdisciplinary group of international scholars were invited to University College Cork by the Department of Government to discuss the relationship between music and governance and, in particular, music’s role in creating public culture. The symposium offered here to the readers of Public Voices is a product and a direct outcome of the conference.

Total Effects of Privatization: Evidence from Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-707
Author(s):  
Doruk Cengiz
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Income Transfer ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Privatization Process ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
Wage Earners

I examine effects of the privatization process as a whole in Turkey. I show that the privatization process begins before the firm is sold to private agents. I find that privatization causes the firm-level workforce to decline by 65 percent, profit-margin to increase by 18 percent, and no substantial changes in real sales. Based on the evidence presented, I conclude that the direct outcome of privatization is an income transfer from wage earners to profit earners. JEL Classification: L33, H42

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Environmentally Responsive Consumption Behavior in India: An Empirical Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
Abhinav Gupta ◽  
Upendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Environmentally Responsive ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
The Impact

Environmental marketing continues to be a heavily researched area, in part due to a heightened awareness and concern for the environment among consumers. An area that has received considerable research attention is the relationship of various environmental attitudes and intentions with environmental behavioral outcomes. The conventional approach has been to linearly relate environmental attitudes and intentions among themselves and with behavioral outcomes, even though no clear pattern has emerged. The objective of the study is to understand the impact of factors influencing environmentally responsive consumption behavior on purchase intentions and purchase behavior. Data were collected from 514 respondents from Delhi. From the findings of this article, it can be stated that purchase behavior is the direct outcome of purchase intention. Further, purchase intention shows direct significant relationship, with subjective norm, attitude toward the behavior, willingness to pay, environmental consciousness, green self-identity, and perceived behavior control.

Lay Expertise, Botanical Science, and Botanic Gardens as “Contact Zones”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Neves
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Contact Zones ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
Direct Outcome

Botanic gardens came into existence in the late 1500s to document, study, and preserve plants originating from all over the world. The scientific field of botany was a direct outcome of these developments. From the 1600s onward, botanic gardens also paid key roles in acclimatizing plants across distinct ecosystems and respective climate zones. This often entailed the appropriation of Indigenous systems of plant expertise that were then used without recognition within the parameters of scientific botanical expertise. As such, botanic gardens operated as contact zones of unequal power dynamics between European and Indigenous knowledge systems. Botanic gardens were intimately embroiled with the global expansion of European colonialism and processes of empire building. They helped facilitate the establishment of cash-crop systems around the world, which effectively amounted to the extractive systems of plant wealth accumulation that characterize the modern European colonial enterprise. In the mid-20th century, botanic gardens began to take on leading roles in the conservation of plant biodiversity while also attending to issues of social equity and sustainable development. Relationships between lay expertise and scientific knowledge acquired renewed significance in this context, as did discussions of the knowledge politics that these interactions entailed. As a consequence of these transformations, former colonial exchanges within the botanical garden world between Indigenous knowledge practices and their appropriation by science came under scrutiny in the final decades of the 20th century. Efforts to decolonize botanic gardens and their knowledge practices emerged in the second decade of the 20th century.

Impact of Self-Help Group (SHG) Membership on Income and Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-364
Author(s):  
Maniklal Adhikary ◽  
Sumanta Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Birbhum District ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Self Help Group

The microfinance program has now been recognized as an effective tool to empower economically the rural women folk. The earning is the most important direct outcome of micro finance participation unlike acquiring empowerment. Participation in the program helps women to inculcate their saving habit. It gives access to the formal credit to them. All these have direct impact on their economic condition. This study explores the impact of microfinance program on the income of the program participants of Birbhum District in West Bengal in India. The study also focuses on how participation helps in reducing inequality in income of the participants. The major finding of the study is that women self-help group (SHG) members have the higher level of income compared to that of non-SHG members. The study also shows that SHG participation also helps them in reducing inequalities in their income. Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve technique has been used to assess the income distribution of the respondents.

scholarly journals Women in South Korean Politics: A Long Road to Equality

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Hermanns
Keyword(s):  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Korean Politics ◽  
Successful Women ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Direct Outcome

This paper examines the reasons for the increase in female representation in South Korean politics in the early 21st century. It is not a direct outcome of Korea’s democratisation process but a result of attitudinal change as well as the efforts of women’s organisations. The Korean experience shows that female representation in parliaments is not the only way to influence politics and policies on women’s issues. This paper starts with a general discussion of democratic procedures that influence female representation before looking at their application in South Korea. Coinciding with procedural changes, societal transformation paved the way for the advancement of women in the public sphere. Women’s organisations play an important role in promoting gender equality and women’s policies, especially since the late 1990s after they started to engage with the state. Their efforts included the introduction of quotas that allowed more women to enter formal elective politics, more than doubling the number of successful women in the 2004 parliamentary elections. Further steps are needed, however, to ensure sustainable and irreversible progress.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Methods for Estimating the Fraction of Sunlit Leaves and Its Contribution for Photochemical Reflectance Index Utilization in a Coniferous Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang ◽  
Qiu ◽  
Fan ◽  
Liu ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Photochemical Reflectance Index ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Penumbra Region

Proper determinations of light use efficiency (LUE) and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) are essential for LUE models to simulate gross primary productivity (GPP). This study intended to apply the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) to track LUE or APAR variations in a subtropical coniferous forest using tower-based PRI and GPP measurements. To improve the ability of using PRI to track LUE or APAR, a two-leaf approach differentiating sunlit and shaded leaves was used to process the remote sensing and flux data. However, penumbra region, the ‘grey region’ between sunlit and shaded leaves, increases the difficulty for quantifying the fractions of sunlit and shaded leaves. Firstly, three methods with different ways on treating the penumbra region were investigated for estimating the fraction of sunlit leaves (PT). After evaluating the correlations between observed PRI (PRIobs) and inversely retrieved PRI (PRIinv) from estimated PT using the three methods, we found that treating a substantial portion of penumbra region as sunlit leaves was reasonable and using the ratio of canopy reflectance to leaf reflectance as PT was accurate and efficient. Based on this, we used the two-leaf approach to estimate the canopy-level PRI, aiming to evaluate the ability of using PRI as a proxy for LUE or APAR. Results showed that PRI was able to capture half-hourly and daily changes in LUE and APAR, and the two-leaf approach could enhance the correlations between PRI and both LUE and APAR at both half-hourly and daily time steps. Strong diurnal correlations (averaged R = 0.82 from 173 days) between two-leaf PRI and APAR were found on more than 80% days and the relationship between them over the whole study period was also very significant (R2>0.5, p<0.0001) regardless of different climate conditions, suggesting that the two-leaf PRI was probably a better proxy for APAR than for LUE at short-term scale as PRI mainly represented the absorbed energy allocated to photoprotection at short time scale and was a direct outcome driven by APAR. However, the scattered relationships of PRI with LUE and APAR indicated there were still many limitations in usage of PRI to accurately estimate physiological parameters affected by changing weather conditions, pigment pool size, etc., which needed further exploration.

scholarly journals GRAVITATION, THERMODYNAMICS, AND THE BOUND ON VISCOSITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2337-2341
Author(s):  
SHAHAR HOD
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Entropy Density ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
General Validity ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
Conformal Field ◽  
Direct Outcome ◽  
Recent Attention

The anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence implies that small perturbations of a black hole correspond to small deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium in a dual field theory. For gauge theories with an Einstein gravity dual, the AdS/CFT correspondence predicts a universal value for the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density, η/s = 1/4π. It was conjectured recently that all fluids conform to the lower bound: η/s ≥ 1/4π. This conjectured bound has been the focus of much recent attention. However, despite the flurry of research in this field we still lack a proof for the general validity of the bound. In this essay we show that this mysterious bound is actually a direct outcome of the interplay between gravity, quantum theory, and thermodynamics.

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