Income Tax. Validity of Graduated Rate under Constitution Requiring ad Valorem Property Tax

1932 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 339
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Ad Valorem

scholarly journals Zakat Regulation as a Reduction of Income Tax in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2109-2116
Author(s):  
Arifin Marpaung
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Social System ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Religious System ◽  
State Income

Zakat is one part of the rules of social security in Islam, in a deeper and broader scope, which includes aspects of material and spiritual life. Zakat is also a financial, economic, social, political, moral and religious system at the same time. Zakat as a financial and economic system, because it is a specified property tax. Zakat is a financial source of baitul mall in Islam that is continuous. Zakat as a social system, because it functions to save people from various weaknesses, overcome various disasters and accidents, provide humanitarian assistance, who are helping those who do not have, the strong help the weak. Zakat and tax are the material obligations of a citizen of his country and are a source of state income used to finance state expenses and needs. the position of zakat cannot be replaced by taxation. the problem in Indonesia where the majority of the population is Muslim, in addition to being obligatory zakat they are also burdened with various taxes, so that a middle way can be taken,namely reducing the amount of tax by the amount of zakat that has been paid. Thus a taxpayer can still pay obligations as citizens and continue to fulfill their religious obligations.

The Effect of Inflation on the Income Elasticity of Taxes

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack P. Suyderhoud ◽  
Michael Veseth
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Real ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
The Relationship

This paper defines the relationship between the nominal (or money) income elasticity and the real income elasticity of a tax system. Under most circumstances, the real and the nominal income elasticities differ. This difference has not been recognized by economists who rely strictly on nominal elasticities as an indicator of revenue adequacy or tax burden, a practice which can be misleading, especially under conditions of general price inflation. The income tax, sales tax and property tax are analyzed briefly in terms of their elasticity features.

scholarly journals Tax subsidies for entrepreneurs in case of property tax

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Edyta Jóźwiak
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Free Competition ◽  
Tax Subsidies ◽  
Real Estate Tax

In Polish tax law, real estate is subject to taxation. Property tax rates depend not only on the type of property but also on the taxable person. Thus, as far as persons conducting business activity are concerned, real estate in their possession is taxed at a higher rate than that of natural persons. The amount of the tax payable annually may exceed the income of the trader concerned, since it does not depend on the taxable person's financial situation (as is the case with other taxes, e.g. personal income tax). Due to this fact, a catalog of tax reliefs and exemptions, i.e. the so-called tax subsidies, as well as the possibility of spreading the tax in instalments and deferring its payment date is an important role in real estate tax. The state, including municipalities, may create this form of aid, as long as it does not conflict with the provisions of the Act on State Aid and similar provisions in force in the European Union, which are designed to observe free competition in the market. The purpose of this Article is to indicate what are the current forms of assistance to entrepreneurs on the example of property tax.

scholarly journals DILEMMAS RELATED TO POTENTIAL CHANGES IN TAXATION OF FARMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (51) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Marian Grzegorz Podstawka
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
A Share

Polish farms are burdened with the following taxes: agricultural tax, forestry tax, property tax, motor vehicle tax, VAT, and excise tax. The research showed that small farms suffered losses in the years 2014-2018. However, income made by small farms (income of EUR 8,000 to 25,000) was burdened with all taxes ranging from 29.9% in 2014 to 67.05% in total. In 2018, middle-sized farms with income between EUR 50,000 and EUR100,000 had a share of all taxes in their income of about 4-6%. Very large farms (>EUR 500,000 of income) had a symbolic tax burden of ca. 1%. In the case of the tax burden on farms’ revenues, very small and small farms were in the worst situation, similarly as before. They recorded ca. 2.7% of taxes in their revenues. The medium-sized farms had a burden of ca. 1% of their revenues with all taxes. By contrast, the revenues of very large farms were burdened with symbolic taxes in the amount of ca. 0.2%. In this situation, while maintaining the current tax burden borne by farms, it should be remembered that the income tax rate and the revenue tax rate cannot exceed 5% and ca. 1%, respectively.

scholarly journals An exploratory approach for enhancing vertical and horizontal equity tests for ad valorem property tax valuations using geographically weighted regression

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-250
Author(s):  
Paul Bidanset ◽  
Michael McCord ◽  
Peadar Davis ◽  
Mark Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Horizontal Inequity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
Gwr Model ◽  
Ad Valorem

Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance the estimation of vertical and horizontal inequity within property valuation. Property taxation is a crucial source of finance for local government around the world – based on a presumptive tax base underpinned by estimates of property value, inaccurate real estate valuations used for such ad valorem or value-based property tax calculations potentially lead to a variety of costs, both financial and other, for tax payers and governments alike. More common are increased costs in time, staff and, in some cases, legal fees. Some governments are even bound by acceptability thresholds to promote fairness, equitability and overall government accountability with respect to valuation. Design/methodology/approach There exist a number of vertical inequity measurements that have undergone academic testing and scrutiny within the property tax industry since the 1970s. While these approaches have proved successful in detecting horizontal and vertical inequity, one recurring disadvantage pertains to measurement error/omitted variable bias, stemming largely from a failure to accurately account for location. A natural progression within property tax research is the application of a more spatially local weighted modelling approach to examine vertical and horizontal inequity. This research, therefore, specifies a geographically weighted regression (GWR) methodology to detect and measure vertical inequity in property valuations. Findings The findings show the efficacy of using more applied spatial approaches for vertical tax estimation and indeed the limitations of employing conditional mean estimates coupled with delineated boundaries for assessing property tax inequity. The GWR model findings highlight the more fluctuating nature of vertical inequity across the Belfast market for the apartment sector both in a progressive and regressive sense and at different magnitudes. Moreover, the results reveal spatial clustering in the effects and are indicative of systematic inequities related to location inferring that spatial (horizontal) tax inequities are not random. The findings further show increased GWR model predictability overall. Originality/value This research adds to the existing literature base for evaluating both vertical and horizontal inequity in value-based property taxation at the intra-neighbourhood level. This is accomplished by modifying the Birch–Sunderman approach by transforming the traditional OLS model architecture to a GWR model, thereby allowing coefficient estimates of inequity to vary not only across a jurisdiction, but also at a more local level, while incorporating property characteristic variables. This arguably allows assessors to identify specific geographical areas of concern, saving them money, time and resources on identifying, addressing and correcting for inequity.

scholarly journals Influencing Nonindustrial Private Forest Management Through the Property Tax System

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Rathke ◽  
Melvin J. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Property Tax ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Ad Valorem Tax ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Nonindustrial Private Forest ◽  
Ad Valorem

Abstract Minnesota currently offers property tax relief to private woodland owners through the 2b timberland class in the state's modified ad valorem tax system, and through the Tree Growth Tax Law (TGTL), a fixed rate, productivity tax. Enrollment in both these laws has dramatically increased in recent years, while the average tax payment has declined in both real and nominal dollars. A mail survey of nonindustrial private forest landowners found that participants in the TGTL generally pay much lower taxes than those in the ad valorem tax classes, and TGTL lands appear to be more intensively managed for timber. However, the TGTL's incentive for timber management may be its criteria for enrollment, not the tax rate. This study makes a strong case for requiring a management plan in order to be eligible for a lower tax rate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):30-36.

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