Foreign Corporations: Business in Other States: License: Purpose of Incorporation: Evasion of State Laws

This chapter revisits Adkins and considers the feud over protective laws that arose in the women's movement in the 1920s. The clash between friends and foes of the Equal Rights Amendment—and over the protective laws for women workers that it would surely invalidate—fueled women's politics in the 1920s. Both sides claimed precedent-setting accomplishments. In 1923, the National Woman's Party proposed the historic ERA, which incurred conflict that lasted for decades. The social feminist contingent—larger and more powerful—gained favor briefly among congressional lawmakers, expanded the number and strength of state laws, saw the minimum wage gain a foothold, and promoted protection through the federal Women's Bureau. Neither faction, however, achieved the advances it sought. Instead, a fight between factions underscored competing contentions about single-sex protective laws and their effect on women workers.

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PART 6: Light Rail Transit: We Can’t Hear You! San Diego’s Techniques for Getting Balanced Community Input in Major Investment Studies

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1571-25 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1571 (1) ◽

pp. 195-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Toni Botte Bates ◽

Dennis J. Wahl

Keyword(s):

Public Relations ◽

Public Involvement ◽

Public Works ◽

Light Rail ◽

Rail Transit ◽

Project Design ◽

State Laws ◽

Public Meetings ◽

Minimum Requirements ◽

Community Input

Virtually all public works projects require a substantial planning effort to identify impacts, costs, and alternatives. Federal and state laws and regulations call for certain levels of public involvement during planning, but meaningful, collaborative public involvement entails doing more than the minimum requirements. This is particularly true when there appears to be an imbalance in public input, where one viewpoint is heard above others. The San Diego Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB) has undertaken efforts on two corridor projects to expand its public involvement in ways that maximize the range of community views, enhance project design, and build support for the project. In addition to the traditional public meetings, newsletters, and open houses, MTDB has used public relations firms, neutral facilitators, and staff outreach to achieve expanded public involvement goals. MTDB has found that, while there are risks and costs associated with these approaches, they ultimately result in better projects that receive more widespread public and political acceptance.

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