Internalizing Externalities of Phosphorus Discharges from Crop Production to Surface Water: Effluent Taxes versus Uniform Reductions

1979 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Jacobs ◽  
George L. Casler
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Effluent Taxes

scholarly journals Determination of Surface Water Quality for Irrigation in Dinajpur

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1782-1791
Author(s):  
Md. Motaharul Islam ◽  
Mst. Taslema Nasrin ◽  
Md. Mofizul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Almost All

A research was carried out to assess the suitability of surface water for irrigation purposes. For this reason, 56 samples of surface water were collected from each union of Dinajpur sadar upazilla, Dinajpur. The analysis was included pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, S, P, Na, K, Cl- and HCO3- to evaluate the suitability of surface water for irrigation purposes. Almost all the water samples were within the recommended pH value for irrigation and a great impact on crop production. With respect to electrical conductivity (EC) samples were low to medium salinity. For total dissolved solids (TDS), all samples were considered as freshwater for irrigation. On the basis of Ca, Mg, S, P, Na, K, Cl- and HCO3- all samples could safely be used for irrigation and would not affect the soils.

scholarly journals Water Bodies Area Extraction from Resourcesat-2 Awifs Image Using Automated Algorithm, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.31) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
K M. Ganesh ◽  
P A.R.K.Raju ◽  
N Gopalakrishna Murthy ◽  
N Srinivasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Automated Algorithm ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Spread Area ◽  
Surface Water Bodies ◽  
Water Spread

Irrigation water was supplied to supplement the water available from rainfall, So the purpose of crop production of application of water to soil is the Irrigation.  Due to lack of amount and timing of rainfall, to the moisture requirement of crops and irrigation, It is necessary to meet the needs of food and fibbers, So the raise crops is essential  in many area of the world.  Water features composed of all surface water features viz. reservoirs, tanks & ponds, beels, oxbow lakes, derelict water and brackish water, which are the function of intensity of rainfall, rainfall amounts etc. over season/a year.  The mapping, monitoring of dynamics of surface water bodies were acquire by satellite sensors through synoptic and dynamic coverage of earth surface at frequent intervals.  In FCC water bodies appear as different hues depending on their physical characteristics such as depth of water (bottom reflection), turbidity, etc. Water appears dark due to which absorbs all infrared radiations.  This helps in easy contrast distinction between water and land in near-infrared band.  Mapping, monitoring and inventory of water features over wide areas by Satellite data is a reputed proficiency for creation of dynamic databases.  Our present area of interest includes an automatic approach to capture the water body from a Resourcesat-2 AWiFS (Advanced Wide-Field Sensor) imagery using a Automated Algorithm for extraction of surface water bodies model.  The dynamics of surface water bodies in study on geospatial analysis of the evaluation of water feature sheets for the month of April, 2018 of the study area.  The water features information was generated on geospatial database from the Resourcesat-2 AWiFS image  by using bands of 1.55- 1.70 µm (SWIR), 0.77-0.86 µm (NIR), 0.62-0.68 µm (Red) and 0.52-0.59 µm (Green) for the estimation of the water spread area.  The Water Spread Area (WSA) calculated for each is 11304 ha [1] and [2].  

scholarly journals Surface water resources of small agricultural watershed in the Kujawy region, central Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Miatkowski ◽  
Karolina Smarzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
The Mean ◽  
River Cross Section

AbstractThe goal of the paper was to determine surface water resources of an agricultural watershed representative for the areas of intensive crop production in the Kujawy region. This area is characterised by the lowest average annual precipitation in Poland and high water demands related to the intensive crop production.Hydrological studies were carried out in 2007–2011 in the upper Zgłowiączka River watershed located in the eastern part of the analysed region. Over 90% of the study area is used as an arable land.Water velocity in the river bed and water level were measured at the outlet of the watershed in the river cross-section Samszyce.The upper Zgłowiączka River has a snow-rainfall hydrological regime, strongly modified by anthropogenic activities related to the intensive crop production and installation of subsurface drainage system. The study period was characterised by very large temporal variability of hydrological conditions. The mean annual outflow coefficient amounted to 18% and varied highly in time: from 3% in the average years to 62% in the abnormally wet 2011. Average discharge (SSQ) in the Samszyce river cross-section was equal to 0.25 m3·s−1, and the mean unit outflow – to 3.2 dm3·s−1·km−2. The results of the study show that disposable surface water resources of the Kujawy region are very small, especially in the summer half-year. Thus, their utilization as a potential source of water for crop irrigation can be taken into account only, if water excesses will be retained within the watershed and used in conjunction with groundwater resources.

scholarly journals SENTINEL-1&2 FOR NEAR REAL TIME CROPPING PATTERN MONITORING IN DROUGHT PRONE AREAS. APPLICATION TO IRRIGATION WATER NEEDS IN TELANGANA, SOUTH-INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W6 ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
S. Ferrant ◽  
A. Selles ◽  
M. Le Page ◽  
A. AlBitar ◽  
S. Mermoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South India ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Irrigated Crops

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Indian agriculture relies on monsoon rainfall and irrigation from surface and groundwater. The inter-annual variability of monsoon rainfalls is high, which forces South Indian farmers to adapt their irrigated area extents to local water availability. We are developing and testing an automatic methodology for monitoring spatio-temporal variations of irrigated crops in near real time based on Sentinel-1 and -2 data feed over the Telangana State, South India. These freely available radar and optical data are systematically acquired worldwide, over India since 2016, on a weekly basis. Their high spatial resolution (10&amp;ndash;20&amp;thinsp;m) are well adapted to the small size field crops that is common in India. We have focused first on drought prone areas, North of Hyderabad. Crop fraction remains low and varies widely (from 10 to 60%, ISRO-NRSC, Bhuvan). Those upstream areas, mainly irrigated with groundwater, are composed by less than 20% of irrigated areas during the dry season (Rabi, December to March) and up to 60% of the surface is used for crop production during the Kharif (June to November), which includes rainfed cotton and drip irrigated maize crops and inundated rice. A machine learning algorithm, the Random Forest (RF) method, was automatically used over 6 growing seasons (January to March and July to November, from 2016 to 2018) from the Sentinel-1&amp;amp;2 data stacked for each season, to create crop mapping at 10&amp;thinsp;m resolution over a study area located in the north of Hyderabad (210 by 110&amp;thinsp;km). Six seasonal land cover field surveys were used to train and validate the classifier, with a specific effort on rice and maize field sampling. The lowest irrigated area extents were found for driest conditions in Rabi 2016 and Kharif 2016, accounting for 3.5 and 5% with moderate classification confusion. This confusion decreases with the increase of irrigated crops areas during Rabi 2017. For this season, 22% of rice and 9% of irrigated crops were detected after heavy rainfall events in September 2017, which have filled surface water tanks (3.4% of the surface area) and groundwater (Central Groundwater Board observations). From this abundance situation, the surface water detected for each season decreased regularly to less than 0.3% together with the rice and irrigated area extents respectively from 22 to 11% and 10 to 3%, despite a good monsoon 2017. Groundwater level show similar trends, with a drop from 20 meters depth in October 2016 and 2017 to more than 30&amp;thinsp;m in June 2018 (more recent available data). The deficit of the monsoon 2018 will certainly bring this situation to a hydrological drought at the beginning of 2019, probably similar to the Rabi 2016 situation. The estimated Irrigated Water Demand (IWD) varies from 51 to 310&amp;thinsp;mm/season, depending on water availability. This methodology shows the potential of automatically monitoring, in near real time, with standard computers, irrigated area extents presenting fast high resolution variability. As it is based on standard global satellite acquisitions, it is foreseen to be used for other regions, for any studies on farmer’s adaptation to climate and hydrological variability, as a proxy to estimate irrigation water needs and water resources availability. In Telangana for instance, it provides an inventory of crop production and irrigation practices before the implementation of mega project infrastructures funded by this new state: - the Kâkâtiya tank restoration program to enhance monsoon runoff capture or the Kaleshwaram project to divert Godavari river water toward upstream Telangana region through tunnels and canals in 20 giant reservoirs.</p>

The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Edwards ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Small Streams

We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access to large streams and/or groundwater increase crop production relative to areas with only small streams by $19 billion annually, equivalent to 90 percent of the total annual increase in the western United States after 1940.

scholarly journals Characterization of Phytophthora capsici from Michigan Surface Irrigation Water

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gevens ◽  
R. S. Donahoo ◽  
K. H. Lamour ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Free Water ◽  
River System ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Important Means

Phytophthora capsici infects cucurbitaceous and solanaceous crops worldwide. In free water, P. capsici sporangia release zoospores that may be disseminated by moving surface water. Surface irrigation sources (river system, ponds, and ditches) in three Michigan counties with a history of P. capsici-susceptible crop production were monitored for the pathogen during four growing seasons (2002 to 2005). Pear and cucumber baits were suspended in water at monitoring sites for 3- to 7-day intervals and water temperature was recorded. Baits were washed and lesions were excised and cultured on water agar amended with rifampicin and ampicillin. P. capsici was detected at monitoring sites in multiple years, even when non-host crops were planted nearby. Recovered isolates (N = 270) were screened for sensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam and characterized for mating type (MT). P. capsici isolates resistant to mefenoxam were common in water sources from southwest and southeast Michigan. Most monitoring sites yielded isolates of a 1:1 ratio of A1:A2 MTs. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of select isolates from 2002 to 2004 indicated a lack of similarity groups persisting over time and in specific geographical locations. Data suggest that P. capsici did not overwinter in any of the surface water sources monitored. Water temperatures were correlated to positive P. capsici detection from all monitoring sites. The frequent detection of P. capsici in surface water used for irrigation in the primary vegetable growing regions in Michigan suggests that this is an important means of pathogen dissemination.

scholarly journals Technology targeting for sustainable intensification of crop production in the Delta region of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-7/W3 ◽  
pp. 1475-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schulthess ◽  
T. J. Krupnik ◽  
Z. U. Ahmed ◽  
A. J. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Sensing Applications

Remote sensing data are nowadays being acquired within short intervals and made available at a low cost or for free. This opens up opportunities for new remote sensing applications, such as the characterization of entire regions to identify most suitable areas for technology targeting. Increasing population growth and changing dietary habits in South Asia call for higher cereal production to ensure future food security. In the Delta area of Bangladesh, surface water is considered to be available in quantities large enough to support intensification by adding an irrigated dry season crop. Fuel-efficient, low lift axial flow pumps have shown to be suitable to carry water to fields that are within a buffer of four hundred meters of the rivers. However, information on how and where to target surface water irrigation efforts is currently lacking. We describe the opportunities and constraints encountered in developing a procedure to identify cropland for which axial flow pumps could be successfully deployed upon in a 43’000 km2 area. First, we isolated cropland and waterways using Landsat 5 and 7 scenes using image segmentation followed by classification with the random forest algorithm. Based on Landsat 7 and 8 scenes, we extracted maximum dry season enhanced vegetation index (EVI) values, which we classified into fallow, low-, and high-intensity cropland for the last three years. Last, we investigated the potential for surface water irrigation on fallow and low-intensity land by applying a cropping risk matrix to address the twin threats of soil and water salinity. Our analysis indicates that there are at least 20,000 ha of fallow land under the low-risk category, while more than 100,000 ha of low-intensity cropland can be brought into intensified production. This information will aid in technology targeting for the efficient deployment of surface water irrigation as a tool for intensification.

scholarly journals Herbicides in surface water bodies - behaviour, effects on aquatic organisms and risk assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Marija Stevanovic ◽  
Slavica Gasic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Surface Water Bodies

Pesticides play a very important role in reducing losses and maintaining quality in crop production. Although positive effects of pesticide use are undeniable, adverse effects are frequent. This has led to a comprehensive reevaluation of the benefits of pesticide use and potential adverse effects on human health and the environment before placing them on the market. The fact that pesticides are designed to be toxic and are deliberately introduced into the environment, makes them a very important and strictly regulated group of pollutants. The most commonly used group of pesticides are herbicides, and their detection in surface water bodies has been repeatedly reported. In spite of being designed to be toxic to target species, adverse effects on other inhabitants of aquatic environments have also been observed. In order to prevent negative environmental effects, the registration process for active substances and plant protection products involves predictive environmental risk assessments (ERA). Reliable assessment of long-term effects on non-target species, natural populations and ecosystems is a priority and ERA process is constantly being improved.

scholarly journals Study of Challenges Faced by Farmers Related to Irrigation Water for Increasing Crop Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vineetha Chinthalu ◽  
Narayan G. Hegde ◽  
Ashwini Supekar
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Micro Irrigation ◽  
Water Problems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the groundwater scenario in Haveli block of Pune district in Maharashtra, India. An interdisciplinary approach and techniques in both natural and social sciences was used, to unravel how local hydrogeological conditions and institutional arrangements interact and contribute to water problems. The study also attempted to understand the sources of water available for irrigation, methods of irrigation followed by farmers and to suggest how to improve the surface water use for increasing crop yield and area coverage. The study helped to understand the scope for conservation and protection of natural water resources, reduce overexploitation of groundwater and mitigation of water scarcity faced by the community. Fortunately the present government policy encourages the use of micro-irrigation for promoting sustainable agriculture and to cover larger areas under assured irrigation.

scholarly journals MEDIA AMENDED WITH BROILER LITTER COMPOST DID NOT AFFECT POINSETTIA GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 439d-439
Author(s):  
V.V. Allen ◽  
B.K. Behe ◽  
T.S. Krentz ◽  
C.C. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
The Media

Organic wastes have the potential to contaminate ground and surface water supplies when overused in agronomic crop production. Poultry manure contains organic N and can be composted and partially substitute for fertilizer or peatmoss in plant production. Our objective was to determine the effects on growth of poinsettias `Freedom' and `Supjibi Red' grown in media amended with broiler litter compost (BLC). Media were developed to resemble a commercial peat-lite medium by blending BLC, peatmoss, and perlite, by volume (BLC: peat: perlite) at 1:3:4, 2:2:4, 3:1:4, and 4:0:4. Plant height, growth indices, number of fully developed bracts, and visual marketability rating were not affected by adding BLC to the media.

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