Basic Weaknesses of the Parity Price Formula for a Period of Extensive Adjustments in Agriculture

1946 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
K. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Price Formula ◽  
Parity Price

What Should Go into the Parity Price Formula?

1953 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Price Formula ◽  
Parity Price

scholarly journals A sensitivity analysis of price formulae

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
J. J. Doppegieter ◽  
I. J. Lambrechts
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Price Formula ◽  
Statutory Tax Rate

This is the last in a series of four articles. In the first article two price formulae were discussed and in the subsequent two articles two methods of analysis were demonstrated. In this article a third method of analysis concerning the sensitivity of some selected model parameters is presented. Four parameters have been selected, i.e. the allowed profitability rate, the inflation rate, the growth rate, and the statutory tax rate. The value of each factor has been increased and decreased by 10% to test the sensitivity of each. In both price formulae the allowed profitability rate has the highest relative importance, followed by the inflation rate. Furthermore, in price formula A some parameters have no or only a small short-term effect on the internal rate of return, e.g. the statutory tax rate. In addition, the internal rate of return of formula A is generally more volatile to changes in the variables analysed than that of formula B. This type of analysis could be very helpful for negotiations between price/tariff-determining bodies and price-controlled undertakings/industries.

scholarly journals Import and export parity price analyses of selected vegetables and spices in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-341
Author(s):  
MA Rashid ◽  
MA Monayem Miah ◽  
Tanvir MB Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Resource Cost ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Domestic Resource

The study was undertaken to find out the export potentialities of selected vegetables and import substitution of selected spices in Bangladesh. Seven hundred twenty vegetables and 320 spices growers, 25 suppliers, and 25 exporters were randomly selected for the study.Net margin analysis was done on both variable and total cost basis. Domestic resource cost (DRC) analysis was also done for estimating comparative advantage of the selected vegetables and spices. The study revealed that net returns were positive for all vegetables and spices producers. However, the highest net return was estimated for brinjal producers (Tk. 273799/ha) followed by bittergourd producers (Tk152145/ha). In the case of spices, the highest net return was received by ginger producers (Tk. 231399/ha) followed by onion producers (Tk. 122308/ha).Comparatively lower net returns were found for okra (Tk51830/ha) and garlic producers (Tk 99352/ha). Vegetables exporters received the highest net margin (Tk32852/ ton) from UK market which was higher than the Middle East market (Tk22869/ton).The highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) was calculated for brinjal (1.9) followed by ash gourd (1.8). For spices, BCR were 2.1and 1.8 for ginger and garlic respectively. Bangladesh had comparative advantage for producing all selected vegetables as the estimates of domestic resource cost (DRC) were less than one. The value of DRC for all selected spices were less than unity implied that the production of these spices would be highly efficient for import substitution. Therefore, the study have been undertaken to find out this issues.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(2): 321-341, June 2017

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Impact of Alternative Peanut Marketing Quotas and Support Prices

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
James M. Trapp
Keyword(s):  
Price Level ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
General Manner ◽  
Support Price ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
The Impact

The first significant changes in the peanut program in more than 20 years are contained in the Food and Agricultural Act of 1977. The new program retains the use of acreage allotments, marketing quotas, and support prices but changes the procedure used to establish the size of the allotments and quotas given. The new program provides for two support prices versus one under the old program and no longer relates the support price level to a “parity price” concept.In anticipation of the changes expected to be forthcoming from the new program during 1978 and future years, an analysis was undertaken to determine the effect of changing peanut marketing quotas and support prices on producer income, peanut consumer surplus, and peanut program costs. The analysis does not focus on changes generated by the new program because specific aspects of the program were not known when the research was conducted. Rather, the effect of a change or combination of changes in marketing quotas and support prices is analyzed in a general manner. Generalizations about the new program can be made on the basis of the analysis.

Legal Description of the Contracts Concluded in the Internet

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Абдуджабар Абдуджалилов ◽  
Abdudzhabar Abdudzhalilov
Keyword(s):  
Radical Change ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Institutional Failure ◽  
Liability Law ◽  
Electronic Contracts ◽  
Price Formula ◽  
Regulatory Measures

The article is devoted to the problem of e-contracts performed in the virtual space of the Internet. Based on the analysis of the legal entity of electronic contracts, the main of which are the agreements on performance of information services, the author comes to the conclusion about the institutional failure of contractual relations and the absence of regulations regulation of such relations. In the virtual space of the Internet for real agreements of uncompensated services that contribute to radical change theoretical-methodological character on the entire institution of the law of obligations. For this reason liability law the notion of “paid” should have their alternative price. Formula “grant only real contract of a particular type — gift, loan” in theoretical terms obsolete. Instead operates formula grant also consensual contracts of a certain type, by which we mean the set of contracts on rendering services in the virtual space. Offers specific regulatory measures to fill the legislative gaps in this area.

Wärmeleitfähigkeit, elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Hall-Effekt, Thermospannung und spezifische Wärme von Ag2Se

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 886-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Baer ◽  
G. Busch ◽  
C. Fröhlich ◽  
E. Steigmeier
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Hall Coefficient ◽  
A Value ◽  
Price Formula ◽  
Elektrische Leitfähigkeit ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity. Hall coefficient und thermoelectric power of Ag2Se have been measured between 80 and 600°K. In the low temperature semiconductor phase the thermal conductivity increases with increasing temperature due to the high amount of carrier contribution. The latter has been calculated using the Price formula. Agreement with experiment is satisfactory. The specific heat has been measured between 30 and 200°C. For the latent heat a value of (5.7 ± 0.5) cal/gr was determined in agreement with measurements of Bellati and Lussana 4. In addition to the transition at 133 °C an unknown new transition has been found at about 90 °C.

Dynamic stability of the Nash equilibrium for a bidding game

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 591-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bressan ◽  
Hongxu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Limit Order Book ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Noncooperative Game ◽  
Order Book ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Formula ◽  
Incoming Order ◽  
Unique Nash Equilibrium

A one-sided limit order book is modeled as a noncooperative game for several players. An external buyer asks for an amount [Formula: see text] of a given asset. This amount will be bought at the lowest available price, as long as the price does not exceed an upper bound [Formula: see text]. One or more sellers offer various quantities of the asset at different prices, competing to fulfill the incoming order. The size [Formula: see text] of the order and the maximum acceptable price [Formula: see text] are not a priori known, and thus regarded as random variables. In this setting, we prove that a unique Nash equilibrium exists, where each seller optimally prices his assets in order to maximize his own expected profit. Furthermore, a dynamics is introduced, assuming that each player gradually adjusts his pricing strategy in reply to the strategies adopted by all other players. In the case of (i) infinitely many small players or (ii) two large players with one dominating the other, we show that the pricing strategies asymptotically converge to the Nash equilibrium.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hydrous Ethanol Price Competitiveness after the Implementation of the Fossil Fuel Import Price Parity Policy in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9899
Author(s):  
Aloisio S. Nascimento Filho ◽  
Hugo Saba ◽  
Rafael G. O. dos Santos ◽  
João Gabriel A. Calmon ◽  
Marcio L. V. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol

Competition is a relevant element in any open economy. Public policies are necessary to induce economic efficiency and to create conditions to preserve or stimulate a competitive environment. This paper aims to assess the competitiveness of hydrous ethanol price in a period of political, social and economic crises, in 15 Brazilian state capitals between the years 2012 and 2019. We compared the ethanol–gasoline price ratio behavior in two different periods, before and after the import parity price policy implemented by Petrobras in 2016. Mann–Whitney and Levene’s tests, two non-parametric statistical methods, were applied to verify significant changes between these periods. The implementation of changes in Petrobras’ pricing policy from 2016 onwards caused a statistically significant increase in the ratio coefficient of variation in two-thirds of the distribution market and more than the half of analyzed retail markets. Second, overall, the cities that showed statistically significant changes in the median and coefficient of variation in the distribution market price ratio were followed by the retail market. Our findings suggest that government interventions in the fuel and byproduct final selling prices to distributors negatively impact competition between companies that are part of the fuel distribution and retail chain, also affecting the sale of biofuels in Brazil and discouraging the initiatives to use renewable fuels to reduce the emission of pollutants.

scholarly journals The impact on the South African economy of alternative regulatory arrangements in the petroleum sector

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Bohlmann ◽  
Rod Crompton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
The South ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
The Impact

This paper adds quantitative analysis to the study by Crompton et al. (2020), in which various alternative regulatory arrangements regarding the petrol price in South Africa were explored. We use a multi-sector dynamic computable general equilibrium model for South Africa to conduct our economic impact analysis. Five scenarios are modelled, first individually to correctly calibrate the shocks, and then cumulatively to find the overall economy-wide effects of the proposed reforms. Under the most comprehensive set of reforms to the determination of petrol prices, which seeks to emulate market forces, the South African economy is seeing substantial benefits. GDP is expected to rise by 0.67 per cent and real wages by over 1.1 per cent relative to the baseline. Refineries are assumed to shrug off reforms targeted at removing pure profits earned via the import parity price (Basic Fuel Price) methodology by accepting a slightly lower rate of return, enabling them to meet the expected increase in demand for petrol on the back of the lower consumer prices achieved via the reforms. Whilst job losses at fuel service stations may be expected as a result of reduced revenues and margins, increased activity and job opportunities in the rest of the economy, facilitated through cheaper trade and transport margins, will more than offset those losses.

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