State intervention and commodity production in Ugogo: a historical perspective

Africa ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
State Expansion ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionDuring the 1970s the Tanzanian state moved a very substantial part of the rural population into nucleated settlements. This was followed by the setting up of new village institutions. It was villagization in a double sense: the creation of physical ‘villages’ from dispersed households and the establishment of corporate ‘villages’ (more precisely, village councils) intended to regulate the activities of those households. It was an intervention officially justified as a means of increasing collective consumption (through the provision of health care, schools and other services) and simultaneously of transforming an essentially traditional hoebased agricultural system (by facilitating the use of modern inputs). External commentators have seen it either as a large scale example of misguided bureaucratic practice (Coulson, 1977) or as part of a process of state expansion intended to increase control over peasant production (Bernstein, 1981; Hyden, 1980). My objective here is not to provide another theoretical commentary, but to show that ultimately any overall assessment of the impact of villagization must rest upon detailed analyses of particular local economies. I have restricted my discussion of this impact to household production.

Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Scale Resistance ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In 21 CE, a series of localized movements broke out in Gallia Comata due to heavy debts among provincials according to Tacitus. Modern scholars have long argued that the indebtedness occurred because of rising interest rates, resulting from dwindling currency in circulation after decades of free-spending following Augustus’ victory at Actium, and that Gallic communities were subjected to an additional tribute to support the wars of Germanicus (14–16 CE), which continued unabated after the wars and pushed Gauls beyond their means. These claims are misguided, however, in that there is no certain evidence of a special tax to support Germanicus’ wars and that the argument for a dwindling circulation of currency in Gaul falters under closer inspection. Rather, the pressing statal and military needs imposed on communities in Gallia Comata after 9 CE on top of routine exactions could significantly increase burden levels levied on provincial populations, thus contributing to rising debts. Through examining how Roman logistics and conscription operated in this period, it is possible to trace how populations were impacted by such demands and which communities were most heavily affected by them, too. Individually, the impact of each factor is unlikely to have been burdensome enough to have caused large-scale resistance, it is only the cumulative effect that these explanations had on top of routine Roman extraction schemes that could create the conditions for this revolt. This paper argues that in extraordinary circumstances, such as the period after the Varian Disaster for Gallia Comata, the costs of supporting military campaigns places real short-term strains on local economies, which creates the conditions for revolt. The benefit of this approach is that it may explain other episodes of anti-fiscal resistance that broke out during or within a decade of wars in neighboring regions.

Health Care Providers in War and Armed Conflict: Operational and Educational Challenges in International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions, Part I. Historical Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Burkle ◽  
Adam L. Kushner ◽  
Christos Giannou ◽  
Mary A. Paterson ◽  
Sherry M. Wren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSince 1945, the reason for humanitarian crises and the way in which the world responds to them has dramatically changed every 10 to 15 years or less. Planning, response, and recovery for these tragic events have often been ad hoc, inconsistent, and insufficient, largely because of the complexity of global humanitarian demands and their corresponding response system capabilities. This historical perspective chronicles the transformation of war and armed conflicts from the Cold War to today, emphasizing the impact these events have had on humanitarian professionals and their struggle to adapt to increasing humanitarian, operational, and political challenges. An unprecedented independent United Nations–World Health Organization decision in the Battle for Mosul in Iraq to deploy to combat zones emergency medical teams unprepared in the skills of decades-tested war and armed conflict preparation and response afforded to health care providers and dictated by International Humanitarian Law and Geneva Convention protections has abruptly challenged future decision-making and deployments. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:109–115)

The Impact of Relationship Stage on the Determinants of Trust in the Pharmacist–Client Relationship: Results from a Social Marketing Campaign

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Maniscalco ◽  
Kim Daniloski ◽  
David Brinberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Marketing Campaign ◽  
Social Marketing Campaign ◽  
Client Relationship ◽  
The Impact

The relationship between clients and their health care providers has an important impact on health promotion and disease prevention. Perhaps the most important element of patients' relationships with their health care providers is trust. Enhancing clients' trust in their health care provider has been shown to lead to greater adherence to medical advice, continuity of care, and better overall health outcomes. Pharmacists are beginning to take on the role of primary health care providers to meet the increasing need for affordable, quality medical care. As pharmacists begin to dispense medical advice as well as medicine, there is an increased need for research on the determinants of trust in the pharmacist-client relationship. In this article, we conduct in-depth interviews and a large-scale field survey to develop a social marketing campaign to increase clients' trust in their pharmacists. We implement the campaign through a randomized field experiment and find evidence that emphasizing relational benefits in the developing stages of the pharmacist–client relationship increases trust.

Market Commodities and Poor Relief: The World Bank Proposal for Health

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asa Cristina Laurell ◽  
Oliva López Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Related

Investing in Health is the World Bank's blueprint for a new health policy within the context of structural adjustment. While this document includes a broad range of arguments, its implicit premises are neoliberal as can be deduced from its “agenda for action.” Health is defined as a private responsibility and health care as a private good. This leads to a health policy based on two complementary principles: the reduction of state intervention and public responsibility, and the promotion of diversity and competition (i.e., privatization). Thus, public institutions should provide only a limited number of public goods and narrowly defined, cost-efficient forms of relief for the poor. All other health-related activities are considered private duties, to be resolved by the market, NGOs, or families. The World Bank policy provides a pragmatic contribution to efforts to achieve fiscal balance. However, it also pushes to recommodify health care and to turn health into a terrain for capital accumulation through the selective privatization of health-related financial and “discretionary” services. The proposal implies large-scale experimentation and dismantling of public institutions which are the only alternative now accessible to the majority. It rejects health as a human need and a social right, and violates basic values by claiming that life and death decisions can be justly made by the market or through a cost-effectiveness formula.

scholarly journals Youth Mental Health Services Utilization Rates After a Large-Scale Social Media Campaign: Population-Based Interrupted Time-Series Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G Booth ◽  
Britney N Allen ◽  
Krista M Bray Jenkyn ◽  
Lihua Li ◽  
Salimah Z Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Outpatient Mental Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Slope Change ◽  
The Impact

Background Despite the uptake of mass media campaigns, their overall impact remains unclear. Since 2011, a Canadian telecommunications company has operated an annual, large-scale mental health advocacy campaign (Bell Let’s Talk) focused on mental health awareness and stigma reduction. In February 2012, the campaign began to explicitly leverage the social media platform Twitter and incented participation from the public by promising donations of Can $0.05 for each interaction with a campaign-specific username (@Bell_LetsTalk). Objective The intent of the study was to examine the impact of this 2012 campaign on youth outpatient mental health services in the province of Ontario, Canada. Methods Monthly outpatient mental health visits (primary health care and psychiatric services) were obtained for the Ontario youth aged 10 to 24 years (approximately 5.66 million visits) from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2015. Interrupted time series, autoregressive integrated moving average modeling was implemented to evaluate the impact of the campaign on rates of monthly outpatient mental health visits. A lagged intervention date of April 1, 2012 was selected to account for the delay required for a patient to schedule and attend a mental health–related physician visit. Results The inclusion of Twitter into the 2012 Bell Let’s Talk campaign was temporally associated with an increase in outpatient mental health utilization for both males and females. Within primary health care environments, female adolescents aged 10 to 17 years experienced a monthly increase in the mental health visit rate from 10.2/1000 in April 2006 to 14.1/1000 in April 2015 (slope change of 0.094 following campaign, P<.001), whereas males of the same age cohort experienced a monthly increase from 9.7/1000 to 9.8/1000 (slope change of 0.052 following campaign, P<.001). Outpatient psychiatric services visit rates also increased for both male and female adolescents aged 10 to 17 years post campaign (slope change of 0.005, P=.02; slope change of 0.003, P=.005, respectively). For young adults aged 18 to 24 years, females who used primary health care experienced the most significant increases in mental health visit rates from 26.5/1000 in April 2006 to 29.2/1000 in April 2015 (slope change of 0.17 following campaign, P<.001). Conclusions The 2012 Bell Let’s Talk campaign was temporally associated with an increase in the rate of mental health visits among Ontarian youth. Furthermore, there appears to be an upward trend of youth mental health utilization in the province of Ontario, especially noticeable in females who accessed primary health care services.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and threats in the social sphere

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
GULBARSHYN CHEPURKO
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

The article raises the issue of social risks of the COVID-19 pandemic in three problem areas: health, education, support for the most vulnerable population groups, analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the interaction of government and society. In this case, social risk is seen as a danger that arises within the social sphere of society, which has negative social consequences and affects the lives of individuals, social groups and society as a whole. The current situation has shown that the medical and science systems of Ukraine are not ready for a large-scale pandemic. The author notes that after the end of the pandemic, a serious analysis of the problems that have arisen in the field of health care and the development of strategic measures to support the national health care system, medical institutions and health workers will be needed. The article analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the usual lifestyles of pupils / students, their families and teachers, which led to far-reaching economic and social consequences, emphasized on a number of socio-economic issues, including: - equal access to education (not all families can provide the same means for distance learning and have access to quality Internet). Pandemic allowed focusing on those people who especially need help: the elderly people, people with disabilities, members of large families and others. A large number of problems in the social sphere, which arose or deepened during the quarantine and did not receive a proper response from the state, are largely related to systemic problems. The article raises emphasizes on the fact that the attention of the state needs to be focused on structural problems. The state has to respond to the challenges in a timely manner, develop integrated approaches and solutions that will work in the long term perspective.

Economic Impact of Existing and New Commuter Rail Service on Retail and Recreational Spending in the Vicinity of Station Areas

1998 ◽  
Vol 1623 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Marchwinski
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atlantic City ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
The North ◽  
Commuter Rail ◽  
Local Station ◽  
Retail Services ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rail Service

A quantification is provided of the impact of both existing and new commuter rail services on the economies of local jurisdictions, and selectively on direct state government revenues. Specifically, an investigation and documentation have been conducted on increased spending by rail riders on retail services in local station areas and increased spending by recreational rail travelers in resort areas as a result of the presence of rail service. Actual ridership surveys conducted on three commuter rail lines in New Jersey during 1995 and 1996 are used to establish relationships between increased spending in local station areas, as well as other economic impacts, such as induced ridership and relocation of residents as a result of improved commuter rail service. The three surveys were large-scale surveys of two entire rail lines, the Morris and Essex Lines and the Atlantic City Line, and a weekend survey during the summer tourist season of the coastal portion of the North Jersey Coast Line. With a 40–60 percent return rate, these surveys represented a rich database for estimating the impact of commuter rail service on local economies.

Health Care Home: Early Evidence from Linked Administrative Data in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabir Dasgupta ◽  
Gail Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Care Home ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Admission Data ◽  
Healthcare Innovation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Care Home

Abstract Our analysis presents a case study on the impacts of Health Care Home (HCH) – a large-scale technology-based healthcare innovation in New Zealand’s primary healthcare system. For our analysis, we link the registered population of health practices within the Wellington region to administrative hospital admission data for quarterly periods between 2014 and 2017. By employing variation in the timing of HCH implementation across practices (selected via propensity score matching), we estimate differences-in-differences models to investigate the effects of the intervention on multiple patient outcomes. Additionally, we incorporate a number of empirical specifications to test the robustness of estimates. HCH results in a statistically significant reduction in the likelihood of emergency department (ED) presentations by 6–8 %, with no significant impacts on other health outcomes. The impact on ED presentations aligns with the expectation that the HCH intervention would produce downstream effects of a reduced economic burden on public hospital services.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE UKRAINE'S GREEN DEAL CONCEPT AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE TRAJECTORY OF UKRAINE'S INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
Iu. Myroshnychenko ◽  
O. Lyulyov
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the impact of Ukraine's Green Deal concept and the COVID-19 pandemic on the country's innovation development trajectory. The authors study the thematic focus of scientific publications in the context of the impact of the pandemic on global socio-economic and managerial processes. As a result, 9 clusters connected by thematic proximity were identified. It is identified that the new challenges require profound changes in the organization of the health care system, which will lead to large-scale investments in disease prevention infrastructure and the accelerated digital transformation of health care delivery. Telemedicine services, knowledge and technology transfer in health care practice, industrial and system design, development of bio- and nanotechnology are defined as innovative development trajectories. At the same time, the authors noted that the process of developing and implementing innovations is constrained by the problems of imports and a shortage of personnel for entrepreneurship due to supply chain disruptions and self-isolation policies. Besides, the uncertainty of the pace of pandemic development and its impact on the economy of states complicates the development of longterm macroeconomic policy. Socio-economic development planning should include sectoral transformation programs, and adequate financial incentives for the development of innovative entrepreneurship, the creation of reliable and sustainable business models. The article identifies the key areas of innovative development such as programs for sustainable economic restructuring, achieving the goals of Ukraine's Green Deal and the development of biotechnology industry and telemedicine.

Rapid Project Management in a Time of COVID-19 Crisis: Lessons learned from a Global VIRUS: COVID-19 Registry (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice R. Turek ◽  
Vikas Bansal ◽  
Aysun Tekin ◽  
Mayank Sharma ◽  
Marija Bogojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Collect Patient Data ◽  
The Impact

UNSTRUCTURED The COVID-19 pandemic emerged globally in a rapid and precipitous manner devastating healthcare organizations worldwide. The progression of the illness, the impact to the vulnerable and best care for the hospitalized patient, is undefined. Incomplete knowledge of best practices by frontline health care providers may result in error-prone care. Data on symptoms and advancement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus leading to critical care admission has not been captured or communicated well between international organizations experiencing the same impact from the virus. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus quickly reached every country, it was recognized that global communication and data collection on the critical care patients admitted with COVID-19 needed to be rapidly put in place. Developing a global registry to collect patient data and treatment in the critical care setting was of utmost priority with the goal to minimize preventable death, disability, and costly complications for patients with COVID-19. Project management around the prompt implementation of the registry is crucial. Valuable information could be lost daily without a format to record data and the opportunity to share significant findings. Putting the VIRUS: COVID-19 Registry in place could change patient outcomes by gaining insight to progression of symptoms and treatments worldwide. This article addresses project management lessons in a time of crises outlining the methodology used and is meant to be a useful tool for other organizations for rapid project management for a large-scale health care data registry.

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