Tsimihety Kinship and Descent

Africa ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
A Minor

Opening ParagraphThough the Tsimihety tribe is the subject of three monographs by Molet (1953, 1956, 1959) and a number of papers by various authors (e.g. Mattei, 1938; Magnes, 1953), its social structure has not yet been adequately described. Indeed, there is no adequate account of the social structure of any Malagasy group, although Ottino's (1963) analysis of aspects of Vezo social structure is very illuminating. The primary aim of this paper therefore is to describe two of the major features of Tsimihety social structure—kinship and descent. As there are facets of Tsimihety kinship and descent that have some bearing on recent discussion of these topics, a secondary aim is to contribute, in a minor way, to that discussion.

The Significance of Cattle Exchanges in Lovedu Social Structure

Africa ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Krige
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Real Place ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Arrangements ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Good Behaviour ◽  
Better Than

Opening ParagraphThe Louedu of the NE. Transvaal are patrilineal and marriage, which is patrilocal, involves (as it does among other S. Bantu tribes) the transfer of munywalo. This,institution has been variously interpreted as the legalization of the marriage, as a guarantee of a wife's status or good behaviour, and in terms of compensation, economic or ritual. But these interpretations are rather like parodies in which the emphasis on the features mentioned is not so much wrong as a caricature. We have, often complacently, projected our own values and motivations as universally valid. Much might be said in favour of such a caricature, if it is infused with the life of a character in Dickens, especially when the purpose has been to ennoble an institution which many regard as degrading. The kindly cartoon is better than the derogatory stereotype. It would, however, be better still if we could accommodate ourselves to a system in which the social arrangements are incommensurable with our own. More specifically, and that is the purpose of this article, we might try to discover the real place of munywalo in the social system. The manner in which we phrase the subject, that is, as the relation of the cattle exchanges to the social structure, is not meant to disguise our approach. It is intended to focus attention on the facts that cattle constitute the essence of munywalo, and that the exchanges of cattle involved are both the basis of important social arrangements and by far the most important use to which cattle are put in the society.

The Social Structure of Modern Bamako

Africa ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Meillassoux
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
North Bank ◽  
Niger River ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Town

Opening ParagraphAccording to a partial census taken in 1960, Bamako city has about 130,000 inhabitants. Small by Western standards, it is still by far the largest city in Mali. At the time of the French conquest Bamako had only between 800 and 1,000 inhabitants; it was the capital of a Bambara chiefdom, grouping about thirty villages on the north bank of the Niger river, with a total of about 5,000 people. The ruling dynasty was that of the Niaré, who, according to their traditions, came from the Kingi eleven generations ago (between 1640 and 1700). For defence against the neighbours and armed slave-raiders fortifications were built around the town and a permanent army of so-fa (horsemen) was raised. Soon after its foundation Bamako attracted Moslem Moors from Twat who settled as marabouts and merchants under the protection of the Niaré's warriors. Among them, the Twati (later to be called Touré) and the Dravé became, alongside and sometimes in competition with the Niaré, the leading families.

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Alienation in Educational Environments

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Didem Çelik Yılmaz ◽  
Türkan Argon
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Students First ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Negative Impacts

In today's societies where cultural singularity is almost destroyed, diversity can be an important richness, thanks to individuals displaying peace-based approaches. Schools are affected by this diversity and will continue to be cultivated as small but highly effective stakeholders of the social structure. It can be said that it is important for educational organizations to gain human values before teaching theoretical lessons to their students and that the necessary studies should be carried out both for school administrators and teachers and for students. First of all, raising awareness on this issue is a great need during the construction of the peace society. Therefore, in addition to contributing to the literature with this study, it is aimed to present different and diverse perspectives of prejudice, discrimination, and alienation of students and teachers, giving examples of cause and effect relationships. It is also aimed to make suggestions to reduce negative impacts and thus to raise awareness on the subject.

Crown Land and Royal Patronage in Mid-Sixteenth Century England

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine S.H. Wyndham
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Royal Patronage ◽  
Regular Source ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mary Tudor ◽  
Localized Knowledge

Yf you thincke yt to be suche lande as I maye geve wythe my honor, I shall thincke yt verye well bestowyd, for that he is one that hathe well desarvyd yt and hathe had no kynde of recompence.So wrote Mary Tudor to the Marquis of Winchester in 1554. The subject of the Queen's approval was Sir Edmund Peckham, one of her most trusted councilors. The result of that approval was an outright gift of land worth nearly one hundred pounds a year.Land, the basis of the social structure of the age, was one of the crucial instruments of patronage. The crown estate not only had its financial function as a regular source of income and an emergency source of realizable capital, but one directly relevant to social control and to government. It was a means by which past services to the prince could be rewarded and future services perhaps anticipated. The way land was used for this purpose and whether the frequency and extent of its usage can throw any light on problems and methods of government are questions meriting close consideration. The period taken here—the late 1530s to the early 1570s—spans several very different phases of government: how far did policy towards patronage vary from phase to phase? And how far did these variations reflect the needs of each successive government?To acquire an accurate picture of the use of the crown's estate, some localized knowledge is essential.

scholarly journals Hegel's Guilty Conscience: Three Forms of Schuld in the Phenomenology of Spirit

PhaenEx ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55
Author(s):  
MATTHEW LYONS CONGDON
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Code ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Phenomenology Of Spirit ◽  
The Social ◽  
Moral System ◽  
The Subject

In what we might call its particularly Christian manifestation, “guilt” denotes the feeling or fact of having offended, the failure to uphold an ethical code. Under such terms, “guilt” connotes negative consequences: shame, punishment, and estrangement. Yet, penetrating further into its meaning and value, one finds that guilt extends beyond this narrow classification, playing a productive, necessary, and ineluctable role for recognitive sociality. This paper examines guilt as it appears in Hegel’s thinking. I find that Hegel’s understanding of Schuld (guilt) in the Phenomenology, undergoes a crucial development over the course of the chapter titled, “Spirit,” culminating in a robust understanding of guilt that represents not a hopelessly broken bond, but a bond that awaits its fulfillment, its very incompleteness exerting a palpable pull upon the guilty party towards its fulfillment. I examine three key moments in “Spirit”: Hegel’s treatments of Antigone, the French Revolution, and the confession and forgiveness of evil. By comparing these moments, I distinguish between “abstract guilt,” guilt that only brings about shame and punishment, and what we might call “determinate guilt”: guilt that brings about action, reminds one of her/his indebtedness to the other. Understanding the development of guilt from the beginning to end of “Spirit” provides an entryway into a discussion of the social and political relevance of Hegel’s conception of the subject as—in a certain sense—always already guilty. I go on to argue that guilt as indebtedness and responsibility only exists as embedded within an already recognitive social structure. Re-thinking guilt as responsibility is not, therefore, a call to a new objective a priori moral system. Rather, it invites us to think through our recognitive being-together in a way that shakes off its metaphysical fetters. Such an ethics of recognitive intersubjectivity is an infinite task—not in the futile sense of the “unhappy consciousness”—but in the sense that we are responsible for constantly understanding, critiquing, and reforming ethical commitments that can only be (understood as) ours.

Class and Slavery

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Daniel Wells
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
American South ◽  
Class Formation ◽  
Old South ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The American South ◽  
Southern Society

This article reviews scholarship on class and slavery. The evolution of the historiography on class and slavery is complex, and historians have only recently begun to revisit some of their basic assumptions about class formation, class ideology, and the social structure of the Old South more broadly. New studies raise questions about the ways in which human bondage and class intertwined in slave societies, particularly the American South, and have initiated a discernible shift in the field. While scholars profitably continue to study the plantation and the lives of masters and slaves, many historians now call for a wider view of southern society to take account of life in the region outside the plantation, and the various ways in which different classes of whites interacted with, and were shaped by, the institution of slavery. It is with these new calls that the subject of class is enjoying resurgence.

scholarly journals Fishing in the Kama River Area in the Sources of 1720–1780

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-635
Author(s):  
А. А. Kosmovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Fishing Area

The research was based on previously unpublished financial documents of the Solikamsk and Kungursk provincial archives. The research featured income from fishing lease in the Kama River Area in 1720-1780. The geographic features of the region determined the distribution of fishing areas. The role of provincial offices (voivodships) in collecting fishing leases in this territory is new to historiography, as well as the issue of the fishing quota and the lease volume. The author made an attempt to estimate the size of revenues from the fishing industry for the population of the Kama region in the XVIII century. The low fees revealed that the fish lease played a minor role in the general structure of tax revenues. The study of various financial documents made it possible to describe the local fishing industry, the amount of fishing fees, and the social structure of leasers, who were free peasants and factory workers. As a rule, the rent hardly changed during the period and rarely exceeded 1 ruble for a fishing area per year.

scholarly journals BODIES OF A CITY: THE ISSUE OF HOMELESSNESS REVEALED IN ANDRES SERRANO’S ARTBODIES OF A CITY: THE ISSUE OF HOMELESSNESS REVEALED IN ANDRES SERRANO’S ART

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (58) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
Art Works ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times

In this article, the reflections of the problem "homelessness" in the field of art will be examined through three different art works created by Andres Serrano within the framework of the subject. The artist focuses on the problem of homelessness in the state of New York, United States, in his art series titled "Nomads” (1990), "Sign of the Times (2013) and “Residents of New York” (2014). Human body is the smallest unit that forms the social structure. It’s effects of its situation between the dilemma of existence and absence in social and psychological areas, will be covered through the dialogues held with the participants that took place in the artist's project. The coding and positioning of the body within the framework of the definition and classification of homeless / homelessness will be mentioned. Besides, the process of transforming the problem into an art work in a creative way will be evaluated. Keywords: Andres Serrano, homeless, homelesness, body, “Nomads”, “Sign of the Times”, “Residents of New York”

Gender Is Political

2020 ◽  
pp. 275-294
Author(s):  
Pelin Erdal Aytekin
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Existence ◽  
Women's Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Method Approach

Studies on women identity in the context of gender yields significant results, especially when considering the practice of cinema. Mainstream cinema is an essential area of indicators for handling women's identity. Susuz Yaz and Yılanların Öcü films are two important films in which Metin Erksan dealt with the concept of property within his filmography. These two films, which address the concept of property through the ownership of land and water, also represented the social existence of women's identity with the rural lifestyle in particular, making the social structure in which women are perceived as property visible. In this context, the study evaluates the image of the woman in cinema on the concepts of body, property and rights. The method approach shaped its roots from the foundations of sociology, communication and cultural theories. The subject was presented by analyzing it within the perspective of interpretive social science. It was concluded that the debate on whose property the land and water are also raised the discussion of the property of women's identity.

The Kenya Masai: A Nomadic People under Modern Adminstration

Africa ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. James
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Native Policy ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphExisting accounts of the Masai may be broadly grouped under three heads: (1) The popular impressionist accounts of the tribe by travellers in East Africa; the numerous travel works on this part of Africa nearly all contain some mention of the tribe, but in the main, these descriptions are calculated for their dramatic effect, and thus become largely inaccurate and valueless for the serious student. (2) Studies of the tribe such as those contained in the works of N. Leys and W. M. Ross. These authors approach the subject rather from the political angle, and make a study of the tribe largely for the purpose of criticizing Kenya's native policy. (3) The works dealing with the tribe from the ethnographic and anthropological standpoint; of the older works, the most important are those by A. C. Hollis and M. Merker. Among the more recent contributions the most outstanding are those by L. S. B. Leakey and S. Storrs-Fox. Daryll Forde has also given an account of the tribe from the point of view of the social geographer.

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