Secondary Marriage in Northern Nigeria

Africa ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphDuring the past fifty years certain interesting marriage practices have been reported for various tribes in Northern Nigeria by a number of writers, but so far not much attention has been directed towards classification and analysis of the institutions concerned. This is attempted in the present paper, mainly on the basis of field-work among two tribes of Zaria Province, Northern Nigeria—the Kadara and the Kagoro—both of which practise an institution here referred to as secondary marriage, though their cultures are otherwise strikingly different.

African Ethnographic Maps, with a new Example from Northern Nigeria

Africa ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
R. Mansell Prothero
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThere is little evidence to show that ethnic differences in Africa result in problems of lesser magnitude at the present day than in the past. In recent years the problems of ‘minorities’ have had to be considered in Nigeria, while in the Republic of Congo (Léopoldville) ethnic conflicts and the reappearance of past tribal enmities have produced numerous tragic situations during the last twelve months. The frontiers of Africa were delimited by the European powers half a century or more ago and their absurdity in relation to ethnic groups has been demonstrated recently in papers by Barbour and Prescott. They were drawn in ignorance of the different groups of people through which they passed and have now been inherited by independent African governments who will have to face the problems which have been created. To solve them these African governments will need to know more of ethnic groups and their distributions than did their European predecessors and the need for more adequate ethnographic maps is likely to increase rather than diminish.

Herramientas digitales para recolección, procesamiento y presentación de datos de campo como instrumento para afrontar la contingencia COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
Didier Haid Alvarado Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Learning Curve ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Past ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Virtual Libraries ◽  
Different Types

In March of 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak forced people to lock themselves inside their homes and begin the process of transitioning from face-to-face activities at work, schools and universities to a 100 % virtual method. Even when Communication Technologies (ICT) and online platforms have seen growth over the past two decades, including various virtual libraries developed by database publishers or web-based training programs that appear to shorten the learning curve (Lee, Hong y Nian, 2002), many people were unprepared for this transition and all of them are now dedicated to entering the new reality. In this order of ideas, the activities that have traditionally required the assistance of the staff have had to adapt with the use of new tools, which meet daily needs. A clear example is the field work collection tasks. In this group, there are different types such as surveys, photographs, reviews or on-site inspections. The current work presents the use of tools for collecting, validating, analysing and presenting data remotely and in real time. All of them based on the ArcGIS Online platform.

Description of a new species of Bush frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae: Raorchestes) from northwestern Yunnan, China

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4941 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-258
Author(s):  
YUN-HE WU ◽  
XIAO-LONG LIU ◽  
WEI GAO ◽  
YU-FAN WANG ◽  
YING-CHUN LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
The Past ◽  
Black Region ◽  
One New Species ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Northwestern Yunnan

Approximately half of the species in speciose genus Raorchestes were described during the past 10 years, yet only 11 species are known from Southeast Asia and southern China (SEA-SC), adjacent Himalayas, and northeastern India. Field work in northwestern Yunnan province, China resulted in the discovery of one new species in the genus based on morphological and molecular analyses. The new species is diagnosed by small size with 15.0–19.0 mm SVL in adult males (n=3); tongue pyriform, notched posteriorly; rudimentary webbing between toes; fingers and toes with narrow lateral dermal fringes; tibiotarsal articulation reaching anterior of the eye when hindlimb is stretched along the side of the body; relative finger lengths: I < II < IV < III, relative toe lengths: I < II < V < III < IV; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; finger discs and toe discs greyish or orange; flank near the crotch with a distinct black region between two creamy white patches, and the thigh having a similar black patch near the groin, proximal to another creamy white patch; a distinct “) (”-shaped dark marking on the back; male with external single subgular vocal sac; nuptial pad absent. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on the mitochondrial genes for 16S rRNA and ND1. The results indicated that these individuals form a monophyletic group, and show high genetic divergence to their closest relatives within the genus (uncorrected p-distances > 3.2%) by distance of 16S comparable to the divergence between recognized Raorchestes species. This study further enriches the diversity of rhacophorids, especially in northwestern Yunnan. 

Social Theory and the Study of Christian Missions in Africa

Africa ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. Beidelman
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Theoretical Interest ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Impact

Opening ParagraphIn the past anthropology was concerned with alien, exotic societies such as Indians, Africans, and Pacific Islanders. Today it is in vogue to do the anthropology of modern societies. Abroad this is termed the study of nation-building and development; at home it becomes the study of various sub-cultures with attention towards ethnic minorities and deviant groups rather than upon the more powerful and prominent segments of our society. Anthropologists tend to neglect those groups nearest themselves, and in the scurry to conduct relevant research, a broad area of great theoretical interest has been passed by. Almost no attention was ever paid by anthropologists to the study of colonial groups such as administrators, missionaries, or traders. Today we can read anthropological studies of the impact of such groups upon native populations, but the focus of such work dims with the colour line. Thus, an anthropologist has studied the machinations of the members of a Nigerian emirate but not the tactics of the British Resident and his staff. Another applied potted Weberian bureaucratic theory to Soga local government but neglected to discuss the British district officers in the same chiefdom. Another asked how Christian Tswana behaved, but not about those missionaries who had converted them. Anthropologists may have spoken about studying total societies, but they did not seem to consider their compatriots as subjects for wonder and analysis.* In the studies of Christianity in Africa, consideration was mainly in terms of the relations of the convert to his traditional society, to the process of social change, or sometimes to the development of native separatist churches. It never included the missionaries who had made the conversions or described everyday affairs at the mission station, clinic, or school.

scholarly journals NILAI KEPAHLAWANAN DALAM TANGON TERPILIH SUKU KIMARAGANG DI SABAH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMAIL MASADOR ◽  
ABDUL HALIM ALI ◽  
AZHAR WAHID
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fighting Spirit ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Younger Generation

Tangon (cerita rakyat) sering diperdengarkan dalam masyarakat suku Kimaragang. Pada umumnya, cerita-cerita rakyat (tangon) suku Kimaragang melambangkan sosiobudaya, falsafah dan gambaran nilai kepahlawanan bagi masyarakat tersebut. Namun, dewasa ini, nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam tangon sering dilupakan, terutama oleh generasi muda. Oleh itu, kajian ini memberi perhatian pada nilai-nilai kepahlawanan yang terkandung dalam cerita rakyat suku Kimaragang di Sabah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang melibatkan kaedah kajian lapangan dan temu bual untuk mendokumentasi tangon. Seterusnya, data akan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Alamiah salah satu pendekatan dalam teori Pengkaedahan Melayu yang dikemukakan oleh Hashim Awang bagi memahami aspek-aspek kepahlawanan seperti keberanian, rela berkorban, semangat juang dan keterbukaan yang terkandung dalam cerita rakyat. Dapatan kajian ini membuktikan bahawa elemen kepahlawanan penting dikuasai, terutama dalam norma masyarakat yang kucar-kacir demi mengangkat martabat diri dan menjaga kehormatan. Sememangnya, masyarakat suku Kimaragang pada masa lampau mengamalkan nilai-nilai kepahlawanan dalam kehidupan untuk memastikan sebuah kehidupan yang aman dan sejahtera. Mengaplikasi nilai-nilai kepahlawanan dalam kehidupan masa kini merupakan suatu daripada usaha untuk mengupaya dan mengekalkan warisan yang semakin dilupakan. The telling of ‘tangon’ (folklore) is a common practice in the Kimaragang community. In general, the ‘tangon’ of the Kimaragang symbolises the socio-culture, philosophy and description of the heroism values for the community. However, nowadays, the values in ‘tangon’ are often forgotten, especially by the younger generation. This study thereforefocused on the heroism values as portrayed in the folklore of the Kimaragang. Using a qualitative approach, the field work and interview methods were utilised to document the ‘tangon’. Data was analysed using the Alamiahapproach, one of the approaches in the ’Pengkaedahan Melayu’ theory by Hashim Awang as a means to understand heroism aspects such as bravery, sacrificial spirit, fighting spirit, and openness as embodied in the folklore. The findings of this study prove that the element of heroism is important to master especially in the norms of a chaotic society in order to improve self-esteem and maintain honour. Indeed, the Kimaragang in the past practised heroism values to ensure a peaceful and prosperous life. Applying these values in life today is one of the efforts to activate and sustain an increasingly forgotten heritage.

scholarly journals Review of the Survey's activities in 1986

1987 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
M Ghisler
Keyword(s):  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
40Th Anniversary ◽  
The Past ◽  
Applied Geology ◽  
Geological Background

The Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) continued in 1986 the systematic investigation of the geology of Greenland. The work comprises geological mapping and basic research as well as applied geology and geophysics (fig. 1). The long term purpose is to establish the necessary geological background for evaluation of the potential of the non-living resources. The scientific and technical staff of 112 based in Copenhagen and 87 participating in the field work in Greenland carried out programmes of geological mapping and investigation, glaciological investigations, and mineral and oil assessments which included geochemical and geophysical methods. In April 1986 GGU celebrated its 40th anniversary. A special publication dedicated to GGU's former director, K. Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen, was issued which covers different aspects of the Survey's work in the developments in Greenland geology over the past ten years.

scholarly journals Insight on the anatomy, systematic relationships, and age of the Early Cretaceous ankylopollexian dinosaur Dakotadon lakotaensis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint A Boyd ◽  
Darrin C Pagnac
Keyword(s):  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Optimality Criteria ◽  
Dorsal Vertebra ◽  
The Past ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Preparation Work ◽  
Extensive Deformation

Knowledge regarding the early evolution within the dinosaurian clade Ankylopollexia drastically increased over the past two decades, in part because of an increase in described taxa from the Early Cretaceous of North America. These advances motivated the recent completion of extensive preparation and conservation work on the holotype and only known specimen of Dakotadon lakotaensis, a basal ankylopollexian from the Lakota Formation of South Dakota. That specimen (SDSM 8656) preserves a partial skull, lower jaws, a single dorsal vertebra, and two caudal vertebrae. That new preparation work exposed several bones not included in the original description and revealed that other bones were previously misidentified. The presence of extensive deformation in areas of the skull is also noted that influenced inaccuracies in prior descriptions and reconstructions of this taxon. In addition to providing an extensive re-description of D. lakotaensis, this study reviews previously proposed diagnoses for this taxon, identifies two autapomorphies, and provides an extensive differential diagnosis. Dakotadon lakotaensis is distinct from the only other ankylopollexian taxon known from the Lakota Formation, Osmakasaurus depressus, in the presence of two prominent, anteroposteriorly oriented ridges on the ventral surfaces of the caudal vertebrae, the only overlapping material preserved between these taxa. The systematic relationships of D. lakotaensis are evaluated using both the parsimony and posterior probability optimality criteria, with both sets of analyses recovering D. lakotaensis as a non-hadrosauriform ankylopollexian that is more closely related to taxa from the Early Cretaceous (e.g., Iguanacolossus, Hippodraco, and Theiophytalia) than to more basally situated taxa from the Jurassic (e.g., Camptosaurus, Uteodon). This taxonomic work is supplemented by field work that relocated the type locality, confirming its provenance from unit L2 (lower Fuson Member equivalent) of the Lakota Formation. Those data, combined with recently revised ages for the members of the Lakota Formation based on charophyte and ostracod biostratigraphy, constrain the age of this taxon to the late Valanginian to early Barremian.

scholarly journals Reigning with Christ for a Thousand Years: Two Prophets of Russian Millennialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-177
Author(s):  
Sergey Petrov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Practical Sense

The article explores the crossroads of two surviving groups of “old Russian sectarianism” — Molokan Jumpers and JehovistsIl’intsy — for whom the anticipation of the millennial kingdom on earth was a central doctrinal tenet. Researchers in the past, as well as modern scholars of religion, usually have not paid attention to the connection between the two movements, which was at one time quite substantial both in the doctrinal and the practical sense. Handwritten, typed and unofficially published sources gathered by the author during field work served as the principal material for the article. They include letters of Nikolai Il’in to his followers and his other writings, the memoirs of Molokan elders, and the historical accounts found among the Molokans of Armenia and the USA.

The Geometry and Symbolic Architecture of Basque Stone Octagons: The Pastoral Sarobe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn M Frank
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
Cardinal Directions

<p>In the Basque Country (Euskal Herria) stone octagons, known as <em>sarobe</em> in Basque (Euskara), were built using specified dimensions, based on a “geometric foot” standard (0.278m). This standard was incorporated into a septarian system of measurements, e.g., rods of 7 g.ft. in length, called <em>gizabete</em>, poles of 21 g.ft. and a unit called <em>gorapila</em> of 49 g.ft. The dimensions of the stone octagons suggest that ritual importance was attributed to their geometric design, to the size of their perimeter and their orientation. According to local tradition and Basque legal codes, the eight stones on the perimeter had to be oriented to the cardinal and inter-cardinal directions. Field work indicates that over 500 octagons may have existed inside Euskal Herria at some point in the past. In the study region the stone octagons are linked specifically to localized transhumant practices of Basque-speaking shepherds, well documented socio-cultural practices that appear to date back to the Late Bronze Age if not earlier. Inferential evidence suggests that the cognitive origins of their architectural design might reach back to the Neolithic and be related to similar pastoral traditions as well as septarian units of measure encountered along the Atlantic façade. Thus far, even though several of the sites have been Carbon-14 dated, the absolute <em>terminus ante quem non</em> of the design of the octagons is still uncertain.</p>

scholarly journals Classical Observations of Visual Binary and Multiple Stars

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S240) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Brian D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Speckle Interferometry ◽  
Double Star ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Stars ◽  
Successful Work ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Star Database ◽  
Double And Multiple Stars ◽  
Types Of Information

AbstractChanges in the double star database are highlighted, describing various methods of observation (both historically and those of the past few years) and their effectiveness in different regimes of separation space. The various niches for wide- and narrow-field work as they apply to double and multiple stars are examined and the different types of information which each can provide are described. Despite the significant growth of the double star database, much can still be done, such as finding lost pairs, filling in missing parameters so that observing programs can select all stars appropriate to their capabilities, or providing at least gross kinematic descriptions. After more than 20 years of successful work, speckle interferometry and conventional CCD astrometry have replaced filar micrometry and photography as preferred classical techniques. Indeed, most work in filar micrometry is now being done by amateurs. Work on pairs described as neglected in the last major WDS data release (2001) is given as a specific example. Finally, the continued need to publish data in classical double star parameters is also discussed.

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