scholarly journals Tool Marks. Factors Involved in Their Comparison and Use as Evidence

1942 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Q. Burd ◽  
Paul L. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Tool Marks

scholarly journals Insights to enhance the examination of tool marks in human cartilage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Weber ◽  
Anja Niehoff ◽  
Markus A. Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Human Cartilage ◽  
Cut Marks ◽  
Tool Marks ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis work deals with the examination of tool marks in human cartilage. We compared the effectiveness of several cleaning methods on cut marks in porcine cartilage. The method cleaning by multiple casts achieved the significantly highest scores (P = 0.02). Furthermore, we examined the grain-like elevations (dots) located on casts of cut cartilage. The results of this study suggest that the casting material forms these dots when penetrating cartilage cavities, which are areas where the strong collagen fibres leave space for the chondrocytes. We performed fixation experiments to avoid this, without success. In addition, 31 casting materials were compared regarding contrast under light-microscope and 3D tool marks scanner. Under the light-microscope, brown materials achieved significantly higher values than grey (P = 0.02) or black (P = 0.00) whereas under the 3D scanner, black materials reached higher contrast values than grey (P = 0.04) or brown (P = 0.047). To compare the accuracy and reproducibility of 6 test materials for cartilage, we used 10 knives to create cut marks that were subsequently scanned. During the alignment of the individual signals of each mark, the cross-correlation coefficients (Xmax) and lags (LXmax) were calculated. The signals of the marks in agarose were aligned with significantly fewer lags and achieved significantly higher cross-correlation coefficients compared to all tested materials (both P = 0.00). Moreover, we determined the cross-correlation coefficients (XC) for known-matches (KM) per material. Agarose achieved significantly higher values than AccuTrans®, Clear Ballistics™, and gelatine (all P = 0.00). The results of this work provide valuable insights for the forensic investigation of marks in human costal cartilage.

scholarly journals Fracture Analysis and Fatigue Strength Calculation of Anchor Bolt Used in Circulating Water Pump in Nuclear Power Plant

Scanning ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Shuai Zu ◽  
Yinhui Che ◽  
Dongxiong Feng ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fracture Analysis ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Axial Vibration ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Tool Marks

A circulating water pump is a key equipment of cooling systems in nuclear power plants. Several anchor bolts were broken at the inlet rings of the same type of pumps. The bolts were turned by a special material for seawater corrosion protection. There were obvious turning tool marks at the root of the thread, which was considered as the source of the crack. The fatigue crack extended to the depth of the bolt, causing obvious radiation stripes on the fracture surface, which was a typical fatigue fracture. Obvious overtightening characteristics were found at the head of the broken bolt. Fracture and energy spectrum analysis showed that the bolt was not corroded. The axial vibration of the pump was measured. The static tensile stress along the bolt axis caused by the preload, the axial tensile stress caused by the axial vibration, and the torsional stress were calculated, respectively. According to the fatigue strength theory, the composite safety factor of the bolt fatigue strength was 1.37 when overtightening at 1.2 times the design torque, which was less than the allowable safety factor of 1.5-1.8, so the bolt was not safe, which further verified the conclusion of fracture analysis. The reason for the low safety factor was caused by the overtightening force. The improvement method was to control the bolt preload or increasing the bolt diameter.

scholarly journals Advancements of the examination of tool marks in human cartilage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Weber ◽  
Anja Niehoff ◽  
Markus A. Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Human Cartilage ◽  
Cut Marks ◽  
Tool Marks ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This work deals with the examination of tool marks in human cartilage. We compared the effectiveness of several cleaning methods on cut marks in porcine cartilage. The method cleaning by multiple casts achieved the significantly highest scores (P = 0.02). Furthermore, we examined the grain-like elevations (dots) located on casts of cut cartilage. The results of this study suggest that the casting material forms these dots when penetrating cartilage cavities, which are areas where the strong collagen fibers leave space for the chondrocytes. We performed fixation experiments to avoid this, without success. In addition, 31 casting materials were compared regarding contrast under light-microscope and 3D tool marks scanner. Under the light-microscope, brown materials achieved significantly higher values than grey (P = 0.02) or black (P = 0.00) whereas under the 3D scanner, black materials reached higher contrast values than grey (P = 0.04) or brown (P = 0.047). To compare the accuracy and reproducibility of 6 test materials for cartilage, we used 10 knives to create cut marks that were subsequently scanned. During the alignment of the individual signals of each mark, the cross-correlation coefficients (Xmax) and lags (LXmax) were calculated. The signals of the marks in agarose were aligned with significantly fewer lags and achieved significantly higher cross-correlation coefficients compared to all tested materials (both P = 0.00). Moreover, we determined the cross-correlation coefficients (XC) for known-matches (KM) per material. Agarose achieved significantly higher values than AccuTrans®, Clear Ballistics™, and gelatine (all P = 0.00). The results of this work provide valuable insights for the forensic investigation of marks in human costal cartilage.

Tool marks

2006 ◽  
pp. 1231-1232
Author(s):  
Gerard V. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Tool Marks

High Definition Metrology-Based Quality Improvement of Surface Texture in Face Milling of Workpieces with Discontinuous Surfaces

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Guilong Li ◽  
Shichang Du ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Jun Lv ◽  
Yafei Deng
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Tool Marks

Abstract In face milling process, the quality of surface texture is vital for mechanical performance of workpieces. The quality of surface texture, especially for waviness, is directly affected by tool marks, a commonly observed phenomenon in face milling. However, appropriate approaches for evaluation and modeling of tool marks are absent to date. Limited to the resolution as well as the efficiency of conventional measurement instruments, the height data of tool marks is hard to be entirely obtained, leading to valuable information omission. Besides, most existing models of tool marks are established for general workpieces with regular geometry and continuous surfaces. Since the cutter-workpiece engagement mode has a significant impact on the generation of tool marks, current models could be inaccurate or invalid when dealing with workpieces with discontinuous surfaces. To overcome this shortage, a novel approach is proposed in this paper, aimed at quality improvement of surface texture in face milling of workpieces with discontinuous surfaces. Firstly, the evaluation indexes for tool marks are defined based on the recently developed high definition metrology (HDM). Secondly, the physical modeling of tool marks is presented, taking the face milling mechanism into account. Thirdly, the physical-informed optimization model is developed to search for the optimal processing parameters for surface quality improvement. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by a face milling experiment on the engine blocks.

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