The Effect of External Reward on Interest and Quality of Task Performance in Children of High and Low Intrinsic Motivation

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Kernodle Loveland ◽  
J. Gregory Olley
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
External Reward

Reward Contingency, Perceived Competence, and Attribution of Intrinsic Motivation: An Observer Simulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bordieri
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Reward Contingency ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Task

An observer simulation and a within-subjects variable (i.e., size of reward) were used to examine the effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Subjects assessed the intrinsic motivation and task competence of two actors who performed a task for monetary rewards. Relatively large, task-noncontingent rewards and rewards determined by the quantity of performance (i.e., task contingent) undermined the attribution of intrinsic motivation. In contrast, rewards contingent on the quality of the actor's performance (i.e., performance contingent) produced an incentive relation between the size of the reward and intrinsic motivation. Estimated task competence was influenced only when the amount of the reward was determined by the quality of task performance.

scholarly journals A substrate-independent framework to characterize reservoir computers

2019 ◽  
Vol 475 (2226) ◽  
pp. 20180723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Dale ◽  
Julian F. Miller ◽  
Susan Stepney ◽  
Martin A. Trefzer
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Fading Memory ◽  
Reservoir Computing ◽  
Virtual Topology ◽  
Nonlinear Input ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Substrate Independent ◽  
And Task

The reservoir computing (RC) framework states that any nonlinear, input-driven dynamical system (the reservoir ) exhibiting properties such as a fading memory and input separability can be trained to perform computational tasks. This broad inclusion of systems has led to many new physical substrates for RC. Properties essential for reservoirs to compute are tuned through reconfiguration of the substrate, such as change in virtual topology or physical morphology. As a result, each substrate possesses a unique ‘quality’—obtained through reconfiguration—to realize different reservoirs for different tasks. Here we describe an experimental framework to characterize the quality of potentially any substrate for RC. Our framework reveals that a definition of quality is not only useful to compare substrates, but can help map the non-trivial relationship between properties and task performance. In the wider context, the framework offers a greater understanding as to what makes a dynamical system compute, helping improve the design of future substrates for RC.

scholarly journals Reforming medical education admission and training in low- and middle-income countries: who gets admitted and why it matters

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Tumlinson ◽  
Dilshad Jaff ◽  
Barbara Stilwell ◽  
Dickens Otieno Onyango ◽  
Kenneth L. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
And Training ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractRecent studies reveal public-sector healthcare providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are frequently absent from work, solicit informal payments for service delivery, and engage in disrespectful or abusive treatment of patients. While extrinsic factors may foster and facilitate these negative practices, it is not often feasible to alter the external environment in low-resource settings. In contrast, healthcare professionals with strong intrinsic motivation and a desire to serve the needs of their community are less likely to engage in these negative behaviors and may draw upon internal incentives to deliver a high quality of care. Reforming medical education admission and training practices in LMICs is one promising strategy for increasing the prevalence of medical professionals with strong intrinsic motivation.

scholarly journals Personeelontwikkeling: Programbeplanning

Curationis ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Vermaak
Keyword(s):  
Staff Development ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Quality Of Nursing

A well-planned, comprehensive program for the development of nursing staff in a hospital or other health service can make a significant contribution to the quality of nursing care and the intrinsic motivation of the nursing staff. Terms connected with staff development are clarified, a framework for planning a staff development program is suggested, and factors to be considered in the planning process are highlighted.

scholarly journals Collaborative Task Performance for Learning Using a Virtual Environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Erik Bystrom ◽  
Woodrow Barfield
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Head Tracking ◽  
Collaborative Task ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Task

This paper describes a study on the sense of presence and task performance in a virtual environment as affected by copresence (one subject working alone versus two subjects working as partners), level of control (control of movement and control of navigation through the virtual environment), and head tracking. Twenty subjects navigated through six versions of a virtual environment and were asked to identify changes in locations of objects within the environment. After each trial, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess their level of presence within the virtual environment. Results indicated that collaboration did not increase the sense of presence in the virtual environment, but did improve the quality of the experience in the virtual environment. Level of control did not affect the sense of presence, but subjects did prefer to control both movement and navigation. Head tracking did not affect the sense of presence, but did contribute to the spatial realism of the virtual environment. Task performance was affected by the presence of another individual, by head tracking, and by level of control, with subjects performing significantly more poorly when they were both alone and without control and head tracking. In addition, a factor analysis indicated that questions designed to assess the subjects' experience in the virtual environment could be grouped into three factors: (1) presence in the virtual environment, (2) quality of the virtual environment, and (3) task difficulty.

Relationship between Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1255-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Extrinsic Rewards ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Dependent Variables

Research on the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation suggests that in certain contexts the effect of task extrinsic incentives is to undermine subsequent interest in the task. Extrinsic rewards have also produced deleterious effects on the process of learning and quality of performance. Evidence concerning the variables which affect this interaction, such as contingency of reward, expectation of reward, threats of punishment, and positive feedback is reviewed. In, addition, the various dependent variables used in measurement of intrinsic motivation are compared and contrasted. Future directions for research are suggested.

Activation-Increasing Properties of Task Performance

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Work Setting

The present study examined the notion that task performance serves as a source of physiological activation in the work setting. Specifically, it is proposed that individuals performing highly in terms of both quantity and quality of performance will demonstrate higher levels of physiological activation than lower performing participants. 120 undergraduate students in psychology performed a clerical editing task after which pulse rate was taken as a measure of physiological activation. The results support the effects of task performance on activation.

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