Fair Trade Agreement Authorizing Unrestricted Issuance of Trading Stamps Held Unenforceable for Failure to Stipulate Price

1964 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement

scholarly journals DEVELOPING STRATEGY TO IMPROVE MARKET ACCESS: INDONESIA-US FTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Imbang Listiyadi
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
Developing Strategy ◽  
Joint Study

Prinsip-prinsip dasar kepentingan didalam merangkai hubungan perdagangan bilateral antara dua negara yaitu Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat adalah lebih ditujukan kepada landasan kerja sama perdagangan yang saling menguntungkan. Tawaran serta permintaan yang dapat diintegrasikan bersama secara spesifik dan dapat menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi masing-masing.Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Indonesia-Amerika Serikat diharapkan dapat menciptakan susasana kesepakatan yang disebut sebagai kebebasan dalam perdagangan atau Free Trade, keadilan didalam perdagangan atau Fair Trade. Landasan Filosofi “Free Trade” dan “Fair Trade” perlu dicarikan formulasi/rumusan jbersama terlebih dahulu guna mencari jawaban bahwa perdagangan bilateral yang dituangkan di dalam agreement nantinya tidak menjadi hambatan baru bahkan sengketa perdagangan didalam kerangka perdagangan bebas, sehingga perlu adanya pembicaraan bersama atau kajian bersama (Joint Study).FTA Indonesia Amerika Serikat akan memberikan fungsi penting sebagai alat penjamin manakala secara tiba-tiba terjadi perubahan kebijakan perdagangan kedua belah pihak FTA Indonesia Amerika Serikat juga berfungsi sebagai kepastian “Market Access” masing masing sebagai mitra dagang, serta bagi dunia usaha yang akan membangun komitmen untuk berbagai investasi baru.FTA Indonesia AS diharapkan akan memperkecil ketimpangan yang selama ini dirasakan oleh pihak Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang. Anggapan adanya ketimpangan antara negara maju dan negara berkembang yang secara tradisi ditandai dengan tingkat ekonomi maupun teknologi yang berbeda menyolok. Tingkat ketergantungan (dependence) Indonesia terhadap AS akan sangat mempengaruhi posisi tawar.Perdebatan di forum Kongress Amerika Serikat yang menganggendakan Free Trade Agreement seri9ng dikaitkan dengan permasalahan lain seperti: lingkungan hidup, pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, pelanggaran hak cipta, patent, ppolitik dan lain-lain dan sering bersifat sepihak atau unilateral. Tak urung masalah ini akan menjadi beban berat bagi negara-negara mitra dagang yang sebenarnya tidak terkait langsung dengan masalah bisnis. Di wilayah yang lebih bersifat teknis banyak hal yang sulit dpenuhi oleh negara-negara berkembang untuk mengimbangi perilaku negara-negara maju. Amerika Serikat telah banyak menguasai masalah-masalah Ïntellectual Property Right” yang mana hal paradox tergambar atau mewakili ketertinggalan negara-negara berkembang/miskin.

scholarly journals Bilateral Agreements and Fair Trade Practices: A Policy Analysis of the Colombia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (2006)

Con-texto ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Fandl
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The World ◽  
Bilateral Approach

<p>This article brings to the attention of those public servants involved in the design and negotiation of free trade agreements between the United States and developing countries, such as Colombia, the potential benefits and drawbacks of negotiating in a bilateral forum. Rather than critiquing the free trade agreement for its particular provisions, this article examines the U.S. policy of negotiating bilaterally with developing countries as opposed to multilaterally in the world trade system and what effects such an approach might have on the economic development of the latter. Using an incremental policy analysis, the article critiques the bilateral approach in terms of economic development and fair trade negotiations using the recent Colombia-U.S. trade agreement as a case study. The article concludes that a bilateral approach that is disconnected from a broader multilateral context may be detrimental to developing countries and recommends increased oversight of such agreements by the World Trade Organization to ensure a higher degree of fairness.</p>

Pushing Back against the State

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kay ◽  
R. L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The State ◽  
Trade Policies

This chapter examines how the state responded to activists’ mobilization against NAFTA by closing state institutional channels after NAFTA’s passage. It reveals how activists shifted their strategies in response to the closure of institutional opportunities and access by focusing their efforts on trying to kill rather than improve free trade agreements when institutional channels were blocked, and by foregrounding issues of democracy. This chapter lays out the trade policies of each presidential administration after NAFTA, and the agreements they succeeded and failed to pass. This chapter ultimately shows how each administration tried and generally failed to produce any significant trade agreement after NAFTA’s passage. One could argue that this is a small but meaningful victory for fair trade activists that is largely ignored. NAFTA was the first, and the last major trade agreement that any president has been able to pass.

A True Development Round? A Review of Joseph E. Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton's Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Z Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Space ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Farm Subsidies

In Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development, Stiglitz and Charlton prescribe what a multilateral trade agreement—that promotes development and is fair for all—would include. This review appraises their prescriptions and offers some alternatives. Many of their ideas about what developed countries should do (opening markets, especially of labor intensive goods and services and cutting farm subsidies) are quite familiar and sensible. More controversially, however, they propose that all WTO members (both developed and developing) completely open their markets to all developing countries poorer and smaller than themselves. They also stress the importance of preserving domestic policy space, dropping intellectual property rules from the WTO and keeping restrictive rules off the agenda. Among its criticisms of the book, the review points out that the liberalization proposal contradicts their own arguments favoring individually tailored policies in developing countries and is likely to maximize trade diversion. In addition, their prescriptions for more policy space neglects the more desirable possibility of a WTO in which members accept differentiated commitments.

scholarly journals General concept and components of fair trade: theory and international practice

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trading System

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that since 2017, official documents and statements of the US administration, among other things, place the main emphasis on the so-called fair trade. One of the promises of the future president during his election campaign was the withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the revision of the NAFTA Agreement (North American Free Trade Agreement - North American Free Trade Agreement) and support for new trade agreements that are extremely beneficial for the United States. The course of US trade policy today is highly controversial and controversial. In light of this new course, one of the main problems has become the understanding of what is meant by the term fair trade. The subject of research of the article is the process of development of the world trading system within the WTO, which is based on the principle of non-discrimination, market liberalization, free trade, etc. The goal is an analysis of the definition of fair trade from a literal, terminological, historical and conceptual point of view. The objective is to research the concept of fair trade in general and each of its elements (unfair trade practice, fair competition and level playing field) in theoretical interpretation and in practical use. General scientific methods are used, such as system analysis - to define the general concept of fair trade and its components in theoretical and practical aspects, as well as factor analysis - to formalize the cause-and-effect relationships of the investigated factors of the development of the world trade system in the direction of its liberalization. The following results were obtained: based on the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that fair trade should be understood as such trade that will exclude any manifestations of unfair trading practices, ensure fair competition, as well as a truly level playing field for trade. In practice, this is exactly what the world community is striving for in the development of the world trading system. Conclusions: the lack of a unified approach to understanding fair trade in general and each of its elements (fair trading practices, fair competition and equal conditions) allows these concepts to be manipulated and used in a way convenient for the one who uses them.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

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