Conflict of Laws. International Law. Content of the Public Policy Exception as Applied to Soviet Nationalization Decrees

1936 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1160
Author(s):  
Mann F A

Comity is one of the most ambiguous and multifaceted conceptions in the law in general and in the realm of international affairs in particular. It may denote no more than that courtoisie international, that courtesy which ships observe when they salute each other or which is usual among diplomats or even judges. At the opposite extreme it may be a synonym for public international law. Or it may mean, not a rule of law at all, but a standard to be respected in the course of exercising judicial or administrative discretion. Or it may be the equivalent of private international law (or the conflict of laws) or at least indicate the policy underlying particular rules or what is more generally known as public policy. Or it may be used to justify the existence of the conflict of laws or the origin of its sources or the public policy pursued by it. In most cases the meaning of comity is coextensive with public international law.


2019 ◽  
pp. 172-194
Author(s):  
Adrian Briggs

This chapter examines of the role of the lex fori in English private international law before proceeding to examine the rules of the conflict of laws applicable in an English court. Issues for which the rules of the conflict of laws select the lex fori as the law to be applied include grounds for the dissolution (as distinct from nullity) of marriage, even if the marriage has little or nothing to do with the United Kingdom; or settlement of the distribution of assets in an insolvency even though there may be significant overseas elements. Where the rules of the conflict of laws select a foreign law, its application, even though it is proved to the satisfaction of the court, may be disrupted or derailed by a provision of the lex fori instead. The remainder of the chapter covers procedural issues; penal, revenue, and public laws; and public policy.


Author(s):  
Lucie Zavadilová

The unification of the conflict-of-law rules in matters of matrimonial property regimes at EU level seeks to mitigate differences in substantive law in particular legal systems. The aim of this contribution is to analyse the doctrine of overriding mandatory provisions and consider the applicability of the public policy exception, which limit the application of the law otherwise applicable determined in compliance with the unified conflict-of-law rules. The question author addresses in this paper is whether these institutes of the general part of private international law provide for sufficient safeguards to protect the fundamental values and public interests of the forum law in matters of matrimonial property regimes.


Author(s):  
V.C. Govindaraj

This chapter discusses restrictions to the enforcement of foreign laws under Indian law. Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, forbids an Indian court from recognizing or enforcing a contract where such recognition or enforcement would be opposed to Indian public policy, or where such contract was obtained by fraud. A well-known principle of conflict of laws is that a court will not enforce a foreign penal law, either directly or indirectly. Foreign revenue laws are comparable to foreign penal laws from the standpoint of enforceability. As a matter of principle, a court will not enforce the public law of a foreign country, though the scope and ambit of this principle remains nebulous.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Luis A. López Zamora

 Resumen: El derecho del arbitraje internacional no es estrictamente internacional ni doméstico. A decir verdad, aquel cuerpo legal constituye un producto de la voluntad de las partes que han elegido resol­ver sus litigios mediante aquel tipo de mecanismo de solución de controversias. Ahora bien, aunque ello es así, dichas atribuciones presentan ciertos límites. Y es que, los laudos arbitrales internacionales formulados bajo aquellas libertades, son en estricto una forma de justicia privada y, como resultado de ello, los Estados en donde los mismos busquen ser ejecutados podrán rechazar su implementación en ciertas circunstancias. Una de aquellas circunstancias se produce cuando un laudo arbitral infringe el orden público (ordre public) del Estado donde éste busca ser ejecutado. Esta es una regla ampliamente reconocido, sin embargo, genera un problema. Y es que, la noción del orden público es contingente por naturaleza y, dado ello, ha sido nece­sario que su aplicación proceda solo en circunstancias excepcionales. Como resultado de esto, algunos aca­démicos y tribunales estatales han tratado de formular una noción del orden público de tipo internacional con el fin de establecer un contenido más restrictivo a aquella excepción. Sin embargo, esta terminología ha sido construida solo como una forma de identificar una sub-sección del orden público estatal. Esto lleva a ciertas preguntas: ¿Está el arbitraje internacional y, sus instituciones, circunscritas a elementos puramente domésticos? ¿Dónde queda la faceta internacional de los contratos de comercio internacional y de inver­siones si la excepción del orden público fuese a ser analizada desde un enfoque puramente estatal? Estas dudas han sido –tomadas en cuenta de alguna forma, en algunos sistemas legales, en donde el uso del orden público internacional ha sido estructurado en términos verdaderamente internacionales. Sin embargo, esto último también crea interrogantes a plantearse: ¿Qué implica hablar del orden público en el plano interna­cional? ¿Cuál es su contenido y, puede ser utilizado de forma práctica para excluir la ejecución de un laudo arbitral internacional? ¿Cuál es el rol del Derecho Internacional Público en todo esto? ¿Si el verdadero orden público internacional es utilizado, será aquel un punto de contacto entre el Derecho Internacional Público y el Derecho Internacional Privado? Estas y otras interrogantes serán tratadas en este espacio.Palabras clave: arbitraje internacional, orden público, orden público internacional, ejecución de laudos arbitrales, relación entre el derecho internacional público y el derecho internacional privado.Abstract: International arbitration is not domestic nor international in nature. In fact, the law appli­cable to that kind of proceedings can be considered a byproduct of the will of private parties. However, this wide attribution recognized to individuals have some limits. In this regard, it must be born in mind that arbitral awards represent a sort of private justice and, therefore, States requested to execute those kind of decisions can refuse their enforcement within their jurisdictions. One scenario that entails the non-enforcement of and arbitral award happens when the decision collides with the public policy (ordre public) of the State where is supposed to be implemented. This is widely recognized as a fundamental rule in international arbitration, nevertheless, a problem arises. The notion of public policy is contingent in nature and, because of that, it requires to be applied in very specific circumstances. That is why some academics and state tribunals have formulated the notion of international public policy as a term directed to narrow the content of that institution, but using to that end purely domestic legal content. In this sense, the term international public policy emerged as a merely sub-section of domestic public policy divested of any international meaning. In that context: ¿should international arbitration institutions (as the excep­tion of ordre public), be understood by purely domestic elements? ¿Where would be the international aspect of international commercial contract or investment if the exception of public policy is analyzed by purely domestic constructions? Those doubts have pushed in some systems, the formulation of in­ternational public policy in truly international terms. This is somehow welcomed, however, this usage creates additional doubts: ¿What does a public policy of the international realm entail? ¿What is its content and, can that be used in practical ways to exclude the enforcement of and international arbitral award? ¿What is the role of Public International Law in all of this? ¿If truly international public policy is used by domestic tribunals, would that be a point of connection between Public International Law and Private International Law? These and other questions will be entertained in this paper.Keywords: international arbitration, public policy, international public policy, enforcement of ar­bitral awards, public international law – private international law relationship.


2016 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmy Latifah ,

Abstract This study aims to explore on how to formulate and what should be considered in formulating the precautionary principle within public policy in order to generate appropriate and effective public policy. Precautionary principle is one of the important principles in International Law, particularly in International Environmental Law. This principle implies caution (prudence) in the face of new challenges, especially in the development of technology. Caution is not understood as an unwillingness to act or lack of courage to face new challenges, but on the contrary, the caution conduct is needed for the policy maker to make activity contain potential danger to the public but at the same time that danger is not understood because Keywords: precautionary principle, public policy Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana cara merumuskan dan apa saja yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam merumuskan precautionary principle dalam kebijakan publik agar menghasilkan kebijakan publik yang tepat dan efektif. Precautionary principle menjadi salah satu prinsip yang penting di dalam perkembangan Hukum Internasional, khususnya Hukum Lingkungan Internasional. Prinsip ini mengandung makna kehati-hatian dalam menghadapi tantangan baru salah satunya berupa perkembangan teknologi. Sikap kehati-hatian ini bukan dipahami sebagai ketidakmauan untuk bertindak atau kurangnya keberanian untuk menghadapi tantangan baru, namun sebaliknya, sikap kehati-hatian bagi para perumus kebijakan publik diperlukan untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat mengenai suatu produk atau kegiatan khusus di mana di dalamnya terdapat kecurigaan bahwa produk atau kegiatan tersebut mengandung potensi bahaya bagi masyarakat luas namun di waktu yang sama bahaya tersebut belum dimengerti karena belum adanya bukti-bukti ilmiah. Kata kunci: precautionary principle, kebijakan publik.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
María José Valverde Martínez ◽  
Javier Carrascosa González

  Resumen: El presente trabajo expone y analiza los criterios de solución empleados por el Tribunal Supremo para dar respuesta a la cuestión de saber si dos mujeres, viudas de un sujeto legalmente casado con ambas en Marruecos, pueden ser beneficiarias de la pensión de viudedad generada por dicho sujeto. El Tribunal Supremo acoge e implementa la tesis del orden público internacional atenuado. Lo hace al mar­gen de todo convenio internacional y de todo precepto legal porque entiende que el orden público atenuado protege los fundamentos jurídicos de la sociedad española y permite, al mismo tiempo, que un matrimonio legalmente celebrado en Marruecos, surta ciertos efectos legales en España. En particular, admite que ambas esposas puedan ser consideradas beneficiarias, a partes iguales, de la pensión de viudedad española.Palabras clave: orden público internacional, pensión de viudedad, poligamia, Derecho internacio­nal privadoAbstract: This paper deals with the criteria used by the Supreme Court of Spain in order to answer the question of whether two women, widows of the same husband, both legally married in Morocco, can be regarded as beneficiaries of the widow’s pension generated by their husband. The Supreme Court of Spain implements a mitigated public policy effect even though no international convention applies to the case. Once guaranteed that the legal foundations of Spanish society are safe, the Spanish Supreme Court activates an attenuated public policy to allow some legal effects of a marriage legally celebrated in Morocco. Among them, the court admits that both wives can be considered beneficiaries, in equal parts, of the Spanish widow’s pension.Keywords: public policy, widow’s pension, polygamy, private international law. 


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