Mortgages. Refusal to Accept Home Owners' Loan Corporation Bonds as Ground for Setting Aside Subsequent Sale

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1368
Keyword(s):  
Loan Corporation ◽  
Subsequent Sale

Abstract P873: Structural Racism in Columbus, Ohio Associated With Stroke Prevalence

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J Wing ◽  
Emily E Lynch ◽  
Sarah E Laurent ◽  
Bruce C Mitchell ◽  
Jason Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Census Tract ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Stroke Outcomes ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Fundamental Cause ◽  
Loan Corporation

Introduction: Racial disparities exist in stroke and stroke outcomes. However, the fundamental cause for these disparities are not biological differences, but structural racism. Using the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) ‘redlining’ scores, as indicator of structural lending practices from middle of the last century, we hypothesize that census tracts with high historic redlining are associated with higher stroke prevalence. Methods: Weighted historic redlining scores (HRS) were calculated using the proportion of 1930s HOLC residential security grades contained within 2010 census tract boundaries of Columbus, Ohio. Stroke prevalence (adults >=18) was obtained at the census tract-level from the CDC’s 500 Cities Project. Sociodemographic factors, as measured by census tract level information (American Community Survey 2014-2018), were considered mediators in the causal association between historic redlining (measured in 1936) and stroke prevalence (measured in 2017) and were not controlled for in regression analysis. The functional form of the association was non-linear, so stroke prevalence within quartiles of the HRS were compared using linear regression instead of a continuous score. Results: Higher HRS, representing greater redlining, were associated with greater prevalence of stroke when comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of HRS (Figure). Census tracts in the highest quartile of HRS had 1.48% higher stroke prevalence compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% CI: 0.23-2.74). No other interquartile differences were observed. Conclusions: Historic redlining practices are a form of structural racism that established geographic systems of disadvantage and consequently, poor health outcomes. Our findings demonstrate disparate stroke prevalence by degree of historic redlining in census tracts across Columbus, Ohio. While ecologic, this study demonstrates the need to acknowledge that racism, not race, drive stroke disparities.

Guidance for Treasury in Drafting Regulations Interpreting Section 469(g)

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-73
Author(s):  
Kenneth N. Orbach ◽  
Claire Y. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Entity Theory ◽  
Hybrid Theory ◽  
Passive Loss ◽  
Subsequent Sale

ABSTRACT Section 469 provides generally that losses from passive activities may offset income from passive activities, but cannot be deducted against nonpassive income. Any excess of passive losses over passive income in a taxable year is suspended and carried forward as a passive loss to subsequent years. Under Section 469(g), a taxpayer's suspended passive losses from an activity are freed up when the taxpayer sells his entire interest in the activity to an unrelated person in a fully taxable transaction. However, if the sale is to a related party, then the suspended losses remain suspended (but remain with the taxpayer) until the activity thereafter is sold in a fully taxable transaction to a party unrelated to the taxpayer. In our analysis, we consider legal, conceptual, and practical concerns affecting transactions governed by Section 469(g) and show that Section 469(g) should be interpreted under a hybrid theory for passthrough entities, rather than under a pure aggregate theory or pure entity theory. Through examples, we provide guidance to Treasury in drafting long-overdue regulations interpreting Section 469(g) for Chapter 1 (income tax) and Chapter 2A (Section 1411) purposes. In addition, we recommend that Congress amend Section 469(g)(1)(B) to require that in order to free up a taxpayer's suspended losses, the acquirer in a subsequent sale of the passive activity interest must be unrelated to the seller in that transaction, rather than to the taxpayer.

The Value of Exclusion: Chasing Scarcity through Social Exclusion in Early Twentieth Century Atlanta

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Jason Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
American City ◽  
Suburban History ◽  
Loan Corporation ◽  
The Impact

In recent decades, a powerful narrative has taken shape which explores the impact of federal housing policies in shaping the highly racialized geography of poverty and privilege which forms the landscape of today's American city. Called the “New Suburban History,” it documents the racial discrimination written into the subsidized home loan policies of the federal government after WWII, based upon the assumption that property values depended upon the maintenance of neighborhood homogeneity on the basis of race and class. The discussion launched by the New Suburban History has focused almost exclusively on the effects of such policies: by lavishing neighborhoods comprised exclusively of white homeowners with federal subsidies, while targeting the neighborhoods of non-whites and renters for red-lining, these programs, it is argued, became self-fulfilling prophecies of neighborhood growth and decline. Neglected in this discussion, however, is a rigorous examination of the roots of the assumption that the value of the single-family residential home depended upon practices of social exclusion designed to “protect” it from physical proximity to non-whites and renters. The guiding assumption, occasionally made explicit, is that racism precluded a more rational approach to the assessment of property values. This paper argues that there was nothing irrational about the regulations developed to protect urban property values in the first decades of the twentieth century. These regulations explicitly sought to boost and maintain real estate values by means of artificial limitations placed on the supply of urban land, an approach which ensured that segments of the population would benefit from the scarcity-induced rise in prices, while others faced exclusion in the process of effecting it. The development of these regulations, and the crisis narratives employed to justify them, is traced here from the municipal zoning framework developed at the National Conference on City Planning to its implementation in New York City in 1916 and Atlanta in 1922. The paper concludes with an analysis of the 1938 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) “residential security map” of Atlanta, which assigned grades to the city's neighborhoods on the basis of their place in the 1922 zoning scheme, which essentially knew two categories, “exclusive” and “excluded.” Against the standard narrative, which holds that racism distorted conceptions of property values in the twentieth century American city, what is argued here is that the institution of value, and the social categories of privilege and exclusion which it requires, has fundamentally shaped our categories of race.

New Perspectives on New Deal Housing Policy: Explicating and Mapping HOLC Loans to African Americans

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Michney ◽  
LaDale Winling
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Class Bias ◽  
Loan Corporation ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Scholarship on the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has typically focused on this New Deal housing agency’s invention of redlining, with dire effects from this legacy of racial, ethnic, and class bias for the trajectories of urban, and especially African American neighborhoods. However, HOLC did not embark on its now infamous mapping project until after it had issued all its emergency refinancing loans to the nation’s struggling homeowners. We examine the racial logic of HOLC’s local operations and its lending record to black applicants during the agency’s initial 1933-1935 “rescue” phase, finding black access to its loans to have been far more extensive than anyone has assumed. Yet, even though HOLC did loan to African Americans, it did so in ways that reinforced racial segregation—and with the objective of replenishing the working capital of the overwhelmingly white-owned building and loans that held the mortgages on most black-owned homes.

Transition Toward Slavery: Changing Legal Practice Regarding Indians in Seventeenth-Century São Paulo

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Nazzari
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
The Law ◽  
Subsequent Sale

A seventeenth-century inhabitant of São Paulo once remarked that Indians were “the most profitable property in this land.” Legally, however, Indians were not property at all, for the crown explicitly prohibited their enslavement. During most of the seventeenth century, the settlers of São Paulo complied with the letter of the law and did not officially give their Indian servants any monetary value, and though they often sold them, the sales were known to be illegal and were not usually recorded in public documents, such as the documents used for this study, inventários, settlements of estates. By the end of the century, however, local judges were openly allowing the monetary appraisal of Indians and their subsequent sale was duly recorded in inventários and other court processes.

The Thrift IPO as the First Stage of its Subsequent Sale

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad S. Ciccotello ◽  
Laura Casares Field ◽  
Rosalind L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Subsequent Sale

The Influence of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation on Housing Markets During the 1930s

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1782-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Price V. Fishback ◽  
Alfonso Flores-Lagunes ◽  
William C. Horrace ◽  
Shawn Kantor ◽  
Jaret Treber
Keyword(s):  
Housing Markets ◽  
Loan Corporation
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