The Effective Wage Rate, Labor Force Participation and the Rate of Return to Investment in Human Capital

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059
Author(s):  
Henry H. Ito
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Return To Investment

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Labor Productivity: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Ghulam Sarwar ◽  
Muhammad Fayyaz Sheikh ◽  
Iqra Rabnawaz
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Factors Affecting

Labor productivity is important as it is the major factor determining nations' living standards. This study analyzes the factors affecting labor productivity in Pakistan using time series data. ARDL model is applied for estimation of the long run relationship of variables for the period 1981-2018. Data have been taken from the Handbook of Statistics of State Bank of Pakistan and various economic surveys of Pakistan. The findings show that wages, human capital investment, labor force participation, and inflation significantly affect labor productivity. The results indicate that wage rate has a positive effect on labor productivity, and human capital investment also is positively related to labor productivity. At the same time, labor force participation and inflation are negatively related to labor productivity. These findings imply that labor productivity can be raised by increasing the wage rate and investing more in human capital. Results are consistent with efficiency wage theory and human capital theory.

Human Capital, Marital and Birth Timing, and the Postnatal Labor Force Participation of Married Women

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE GREENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Birth Timing ◽  
First Birth ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Paid Labor

Using materials from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Young Women, this article analyzes postnatal labor force participation data for married husband-present women over a 15-year period in order to study factors associated with the length of time out of the labor force following the first birth. Survival analyses and proportional hazards models indicate that human capital variables (education, prebirth work experience, and income) and marital and birth-timing variables (age at first marriage and age at first birth) have significant estimated effects on the rate and timing of reentry into the paid labor force.

scholarly journals Culture: An Empirical Investigation of Beliefs, Work, and Fertility

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández ◽  
Alessandra Fogli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Institutional Conditions

We study culture by examining the work and fertility behavior of second-generation American women. Culture is proxied with past female labor force participation and total fertility rates from the woman's country of ancestry. The values of these variables capture not only economic and institutional conditions but also the country's preferences and beliefs regarding women's roles. Since the women live in the United States, only the belief and preference components are potentially relevant. We show that the cultural proxies have positive significant explanatory power even after controlling for education and spousal characteristics, and we demonstrate that the results are unlikely to be explained by unobserved human capital. JEL: J13, J16, J22, J24, Z13

scholarly journals Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Incorporating the Role of Unemployment in Determining Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Hina Ali ◽  
Saadia Irshad ◽  
Maria Shams Khakwani ◽  
Tayyaba Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Female Labor

This study reported the returns to Human Capital in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the returns to human capital. In Pakistan, the level of output is dependent on manpower. Human Capital is a significant contributor in the way to betterment in the economic condition. In this study, time series data is used, and co-integration is applied for the empirical estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education, mortality, enrolment, unemployment, and age are the core variables of the research. Education has a positive impact on productivity. An increase in education level raises the female labor force participation in Pakistan. The presence of children decreases the early age participation in the labor market. The result shows that when the education level is increased, it boosts the economic activity, and the female labor force participation is the main reason that is increasing its likelihood. It is recommended that government should provide better facilities of education to enhance the female force participation in the labor market in the case of developing countries, by providing the best grades and tasks to the human beings both male and female, thus the level of returns by human capital utilization may increase.

scholarly journals Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safana Shaheen ◽  
Masood Sarwar Awan .
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Income Family

The present study is an effort to investigate the patterns of female labor force participation in case of Pakistan. In particular, the study analyzed the determinants of female labor force participation decision. The study utilized Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 data of Punjab. Education is used as a direct human capital variable while; age is a proxy of human capital. The variables used in the analysis are female labour force participation, age, age square, marital status, area, female monthly income, family monthly income, family size, household head education, different classes of female education and employment status. To remove the selectivity bias, the study used Heckman’s (1979) two step procedure. Results of Logit model depicts that household head education, primary, middle, matric & mudrassa education level negatively related with the decision of female labor force participation while, decision towards participation is strong if female belonged to urban area, if she is married, if she has higher education, and if she has large family size. By using ordinary Least Square Method we estimated the earning function. Coefficient of age shows a substantial increase in the wages with each additional year spent. The sign of age square is negative which is according to our expectation and implying the concavity of earning function. Moreover, as the level of education increase the returns to each year of education also increases. In different occupational status females earns more if they are employee, employer or self employed than labourer (a reference category); while female earns less if they belonged to agricultural sector or other sectors than labourer. Married females earn more than others. The respondents’ belonged to urban areas earn more than rural respondents. Moreover, household head education and family size are positively significantly related with female earnings.

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