Know-How and Nationalism: Colombia's First Geological and Petroleum Experts, c. 1940 - 1970

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-226
Author(s):  
Pamela Murray
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
State Control ◽  
Know How ◽  
The North ◽  
Technical Institutes ◽  
Technical Professionals

Despite its vital role in Latin America's ongoing struggle for economic development, Latin-American scientific and technical education remains a neglected topic among historians. Authors also tend to view it in simplistic terms. While some have seen scientific and technical institutes as agents of Latin America's “dependency” on the North Atlantic world, others have seen them as vehicles of Progress, or have stressed the way in which graduates (scientists and technical professionals) have acted as “anti-dependency guerillas.” Evidence from Colombia, however, confounds any simple view. The founding of the country's first program for geological and petroleum engineers at the National School of Mines in Medellín reflected nationalistic desires to increase Colombian control over the oil industry and subsoil resources in general. Yet, Colombia's national energy policies have not led to state control of the industry as in the case of other major oil-producing countries, i.e., Mexico. What explains this apparent gap between desires and deeds? The following essay seeks an answer by tracing the origins of the geological and petroleum engineering program as well as the ideas and activities of graduates who have been directly involved in developing their country's oil and other resources. Above all, it highlights Colombians' pragmatic approach to development concerns.

scholarly journals The Barriers to Proletarianization: Bolivian Mine Labour, 1826–1918

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (S4) ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick D. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Goods ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Rich

Labour history in Latin America has, to a great degree, followed the models set by the rich historiography in Europe and North America. Other than a justifiable concern with the peculiarities in production for export of primary goods, much of the Latin American historiography suggests that the process of labour formation was rather similar to that of the North Atlantic economies, only lagging behind, as did industrialization in this region of the world. However, this was not the case. The export orientation of the mining industry and its peripheral location in the world economy introduced certain modifications not found in the North Atlantic economies. The vagaries of the mining industry, exacerbated by the severe swings in raw material prices, created conditions which hindered proletarianization and modified the consciousness of the mine workers.

The Ecclesiastical Colonization of Central America

Itinerario ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Adriaan C. van Oss
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
Economic Dependence ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Core

Dependency theory, which places responsibility for the underdevelopment of the peripheral zones of the world economy upon the North Atlantic core, might well be called a Latin American invention. It goes back, after all, to an article published in 1949 by the Argentine economist Raul Prebisch. Since that time, acceptance of the basic argument — which emphasizes intercontinental trade — has grown, also among historians. Economic dependence with respect to the North Atlantic world began during the colonial era, and forms the principal legacy of that period of Latin American history, according to Stanley and Barbara Stein's The Colonial Heritage of Latin America, first published in 1970 and now in its tenth printing.1 This view has it that economic dependence grew out of Spanish exploitation of American gold and silver, + maritime commerce in tropical plantation products. The entire Spanish colonial world in America would appear to have rested on these two pillars.

Toward Explaining Military Intervention in Latin American Politics

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Latin American Politics ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
North Atlantic Area ◽  
Atlantic Area

Military intervention in politics is extremely common. Outside the North Atlantic area, the armed forces are more likely than not to be among the most important power contenders in any political system, and military regimes are at least as widespread as either totalitarian or democratic ones. It is surprising, therefore, that until recently this phenomenon has attracted little attention from students of politics. Though there has been some speculation about the causes of military intervention, our actual knowledge of the subject is meager indeed.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Models of Material Progress in New Granada and Colombia (1810-1930)

Co-herencia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 261-279
Author(s):  
Jairo Campuzano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Granada ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Material Progress

This article argues that New Granadian and Co-lombian leaders examined models of material and intellectual progress in the United States and in their neighboring countries within the hemisphere. For many Spanish-Americans, the material progress already achieved by the United States and the North Atlantic overall was an idealized end, and they looked at some U.S. institutions as potential templates. As for the means to meet such an idealized end, influential people in New Granada and Colombia found among their neighboring countries a more pragmatic set of experiences that would help them foster progress in their own right. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, and more acti-vely when turning into the twentieth, some Colombian leaders sought to follow the example of countries such as Argentina, one of the front-runners of Latin American contemporary progress.

Rise and Decline of Latin American Dependency Theories

Itinerario ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walther L. Bernecker ◽  
Thomas Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
National Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Latin American Politics ◽  
The North ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One

In order to understand the value of any theory, one has to know its origins and background. This is especially true of the various dependency theories, which have always been more than just ‘theories of theorists for theorists’. Dependency theories can only be understood against the background of Latin American politics in the 1960s. Taking this into account, there was an obvious connection between the Cuban Revolution on the one hand, and the unfulfilled expectations of development caused by the failure of modernisation efforts, on the other. The basic idea behind dependency theories is the explanation of the historically unequal relations between Latin America and the North Atlantic economies (Europe and the United States). Dependency theories are essentially attempts to justify government policies to acquire control of national development.

Subsea-Systems Innovations Improve Heavy-Oil Production in Ultradeep Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (08) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
Chris Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Production System ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Petroleum Engineering ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Flow Assurance ◽  
The North ◽  
Ultradeep Water

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199003, “Subsea Systems Innovations and the Use of State-of-the-Art Subsea Technologies Help the Flow Assurance of Heavy-Oil Production in Ultradeep Water,” by Carlos Alberto Pedroso, SPE, Geraldo Rosa, SPE, and Priscilla Borges, Enauta Energia, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Bogota, Colombia, 17–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Flow assurance in ultradeep water is a major issue for production. The Atlanta field, which produces heavy oil in ultradeep water, is a project combining several challenges: hydrates formation, emulsion tendency, scale formation, foaming, and high viscosities. The complete paper discusses innovations and technologies applied to make Atlanta a successful case of ultradeepwater heavy-oil production. Introduction Discovered in 2001, the Atlanta field is in the presalt exclusion area in the north of the Santos Basin, 185 km southeast of Rio de Janeiro, at a water depth of 1550 m. The postsalt reservoir is contained in the Eocene interval and is characterized by high net-to-gross sands (82–94%) with a high average porosity of 36% and high permeabilities in the range of 4–6 Darcies. These excellent rock properties, however, are offset by the poor quality of the Atlanta crude, which is heavy (14 °API), viscous (228 cp at reservoir conditions), and highly acidic. The development of the field took place in two phases, an early production system (EPS) and a definitive production system (DPS). First oil occurred in May 2018. The EPS is expected to last from 4 to 5 years, producing from three horizontal wells to a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO) with a processing capacity of 30,000 BOPD. The DPS will consist of 12 horizontal producers tied to a larger-capacity FPSO.

scholarly journals Why Study Religion from a Latin American Sociological Perspective? An Introduction to Religions Issue, “Religion in Latin America, and among Latinos Abroad”

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Morello
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
The North ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
American Model ◽  
Middle Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Popular Religiosity

This article introduces the Religions issue on Latin American religiosity exploring sociological perspectives on the Latin American religious situation, from a Latin American perspective. The Secularization Theory proposes “the more modernity, the less religion”, but in Latin America we see both, modernity and religiosity. The Religious Economy model, on the other hand, affirms “the more pluralization, the more religion”, but in Latin America there is not so much pluralization, and it is not easy to switch from one religion to other. Finally, the article presents a Latin American model, the “popular religiosity” one. The problem with it, is that it is mostly ‘Catholic,’ and so does not account for the growing religious diversity in the region. It also emphasizes the “popular” aspect, excluding middle socioeconomic status individuals and elites, assuming they practice “real” religion. This introduction presents a critical approach as a way to recover, describe, and understand Latin American religious practices. This methodology might be a path to creating sociological categories to understand religion beyond the north Atlantic world.

The Currents of the North Atlantic

1892 ◽  
Vol 34 (872supp) ◽  
pp. 13940-13941
Author(s):  
Richard Beynon
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic
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