Tamales or Timbales: Cuisine and the Formation of Mexican National Identity, 1821–1911

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Pilcher

Mexican writers of the twentieth century have often imagined cuisine to be a symbol of their national identity, a mestizo blend of Native American and Spanish influences. Salvador Novo, for example, a member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua and official chronicler of Mexico City, traced the beginnings of mestizaje to the “happy encounter” between corn tortillas and pork sausage that produced the first taco. The most common culinary metaphor for the Mexican nation was mole poblano (turkey in deep-brown sauce). Authors in the 1920s began attributing the origins of this dish to the convents of colonial Puebla, and in particular to Sor Andrea de la Asunción of the Dominican Santa Rosa cloister. About 1680 she supposedly combined seasonings from the Old World with chile peppers from the New in honor of Viceroy Tomás Antonio de la Cerda y Aragón. Mole thus represented Mexico’s “cosmic race,” created by divine inspiration and served up for the approval of the Spanish crown.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Author(s):  
Delia Cosentino

Mexico in the 1930s was ripe for a cartographic refashioning. A decade after the end of the Revolution and during a period of authoritarian leadership known as the Maximato (1928–34), a triad of commercial lithographic maps took shape in concert with a heady blend of political, economic, and artistic developments. By the first decades of the twentieth century, pictorial maps had become a global phenomenon, but in this transforming nation perhaps more than any other, the production, circulation, and consumption of such imagery offered the opportunity to imagine a uniquely animated geography coming into its own. Through cartography, governing forces recognized an advantageous way to shape the view of Mexico as a cohesive entity with a rapidly developing infrastructure and an evolving relationship with its own Indigenous past and present. These pictorial mappings not only produced new epistemological frameworks for promoting and expanding a modernized Mexican geography, but also reveal their own role in the unfolding of a unique urban and touristic landscape. Through these images dating to the first half of the 1930s, an international cadre of artists, travelers, publishers, government officials, and other boosters disseminated an integrated vision of Mexican cultural space and thereby coproduced the territory itself. Employing ever-greater cartographic scale over time and placing the focus increasingly on Mexico City, the colorful maps had, by the second half of 1930s, transformed national identity into a geographic ideal whose physical and conceptual legacy endures today.RESUMEN En la década de 1930, México estaba listo para una remodelación cartográfica. Una década después del fin de la Revolución, y durante un período de gobierno autoritario conocido como el Maximato (1928–34), una tríada de mapas litográficos comerciales tomó forma junto con una compleja mezcla de desarrollos políticos, económicos y artísticos. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, los mapas pictóricos se habían convertido en un fenómeno global, pero en esta nación en transición, quizás más que en cualquier otra, la producción, la circulación y el consumo de tales imágenes ofrecían la oportunidad de imaginar la realización de una geografía singularmente animada. Por medio de la cartografía, las fuerzas gubernamentales vieron una manera favorable de dar forma a la visión de México como una entidad cohesiva con una infraestructura en rápido desarrollo y una relación cambiante con su propio pasado y presente indígena. Las imágenes, cada una producida con un sobre correspondiente, se tratan juntas como textos complejos, siguiendo así a teóricos cartográficos críticos que ven el mapeo como una práctica variable que se lleva a cabo en relación con múltiples procesos que se están desenvolviendo constantemente. Por lo tanto, las sucesivas asignaciones pictóricas durante el Maximato no solo produjeron nuevos marcos epistemológicos para promover y expandir una geografía mexicana modernizada, sino que también revelan su papel en el desarrollo de un paisaje urbano y turístico único. A través de estas imágenes que datan de la primera mitad de la década de 1930, un cuadro internacional de artistas, viajeros, editores, funcionarios del gobierno y otros impulsores diseminaron una visión integrada del espacio cultural mexicano y, de este modo, coprodujeron el territorio mismo. Al emplear una mayor escala cartográfica y al aumentar el enfoque en la Ciudad de México a lo largo del tiempo, los coloridos mapas habían transformado, para la segunda mitad de la década de 1930, la identidad nacional en un ideal geográfico cuyo legado físico y conceptual perdura en la actualidad.RESUMO O México dos anos 1930 estava pronto para uma remodelação cartográfica. Uma década após o fim da Revolução e durante um período de liderança autoritária conhecida como Maximato (1928–1934), uma tríade de mapas litográficos comerciais tomou forma em consonância com uma mistura arrebatadora de desenvolvimentos políticos, econômicos e artísticos. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, os mapas pictóricos haviam se tornado um fenômeno global, mas nessa nação em transformação – talvez mais do que em qualquer outra –, a produção, a circulação e o consumo de tais imagens ofereciam a oportunidade de imaginar uma geografia unicamente animada se concretizando. Através da cartografia, as forças governamentais reconheceram uma maneira vantajosa de moldar a visão do México como uma entidade coesa, com uma infraestrutura em rápido desenvolvimento e uma relação evolutiva com seu próprio passado e presente indígenas. Esses mapeamentos pictóricos não apenas produziram novas estruturas epistemológicas para promover e expandir uma geografia mexicana modernizada, como também revelaram seu papel no desdobramento de uma paisagem urbana e turística única. Através dessas imagens que datam da primeira metade da década de 1930, um quadro internacional de artistas, viajantes, editores, funcionários do governo e outros incentivadores disseminou uma visão integrada do espaço cultural mexicano e, assim, coproduziu o próprio território. Empregando maior escala cartográfica e aumentando o foco na Cidade do México ao longo do tempo, os mapas coloridos haviam, na segunda metade da década de 1930, transformado a identidade nacional em um ideal geográfico cujo legado físico e conceitual perdura até hoje.


2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-318
Author(s):  
Robert M. Buffington

AbstractThis article looks at popular responses to the zarzuela Chin-Chun-Chan and the issues that surfaced around its timely subject in early twentieth-century Mexico City. The principal source is the Mexico City satiric penny press for workers, supplemented by somewhat less polemical broadsides, both sold on the streets of the capital. Aimed mostly at working-class Mexicans, these sources offer a glimpse at popular attitudes circulating in a public sphere otherwise dominated by the perspective of educated elites. The article has four sections. First, it briefly reviews social commentary on the democratization of musical theater. Second, it examines Chin-Chun-Chan as a political symbol that crystalized around working-class complaints about the Porfirian regime, especially its alleged disregard for Mexican workers and Mexican national identity. Third, it analyzes the ways in which the phrase “Chin-Chun-Chan” entered popular language as a racial signifier for a range of things, some of which bore little relation to its theatrical origins. Finally, it links popular Sinophobia in late Porfirian Mexico City to the virulent anti-Chinese campaigns in northern Mexico, which played a key role in defining national identity after the 1910 Revolution, and to the “hemispheric orientalism” that has characterized anti-Asian sentiments throughout the Americas.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Richard Howard

Irish science fiction is a relatively unexplored area for Irish Studies, a situation partially rectified by the publication of Jack Fennell's Irish Science Fiction in 2014. This article aims to continue the conversation begun by Fennell's intervention by analysing the work of Belfast science fiction author Ian McDonald, in particular King of Morning, Queen of Day (1991), the first novel in what McDonald calls his Irish trilogy. The article explores how McDonald's text interrogates the intersection between science, politics, and religion, as well as the cultural movement that was informing a growing sense of a continuous Irish national identity. It draws from the discipline of Science Studies, in particular the work of Nicholas Whyte, who writes of the ways in which science and colonialism interacted in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Ireland.


2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-77
Author(s):  
Nicolas G. Rosenthal

A vibrant American Indian art scene developed in California from the 1960s to the 1980s, with links to a broader indigenous arts movement. Native American artists working in the state produced and exhibited paintings, prints, sculptures, mixed media, and other art forms that validated and documented their cultures, interpreted their history, asserted their survival, and explored their experiences in modern society. Building on recent scholarship that examines American Indian migration, urbanization, and activism in the twentieth century, this article charts these developments and argues that American Indian artists in California challenged and rewrote dominant historical narratives by foregrounding Native American perspectives in their work.


Author(s):  
Aileen Moreton-Robinson

In this issue of Kalfou, my book The White Possessive: Power, Property, and Indigenous Sovereignty receives attention from three scholars whose work I admire and respect. George Lipsitz’s The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics was seminal in conceptualizing the possessive logics of patriarchal white sovereignty, while Fiona Nicoll’s From Diggers to Drag Queens: Configurations of Australian National Identity heavily influenced my work on the formation of white national identity. Kim TallBear’s Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science has been instructive in shaping my new work on the possessive racial logics of Indigenous identity fraud. I am honored they ha


Author(s):  
Lital Levy

A Palestinian-Israeli poet declares a new state whose language, “Homelandic,” is a combination of Arabic and Hebrew. A Jewish-Israeli author imagines a “language plague” that infects young Hebrew speakers with old world accents, and sends the narrator in search of his Arabic heritage. This book brings together such startling visions to offer the first in-depth study of the relationship between Hebrew and Arabic in the literature and culture of Israel/Palestine. More than that, the book presents a captivating portrait of the literary imagination's power to transgress political boundaries and transform ideas about language and belonging. Blending history and literature, the book traces the interwoven life of Arabic and Hebrew in Israel/Palestine from the turn of the twentieth century to the present, exposing the two languages' intimate entanglements in contemporary works of prose, poetry, film, and visual art by both Palestinian and Jewish citizens of Israel. In a context where intense political and social pressures work to identify Jews with Hebrew and Palestinians with Arabic, the book finds writers who have boldly crossed over this divide to create literature in the language of their “other,” as well as writers who bring the two languages into dialogue to rewrite them from within. Exploring such acts of poetic trespass, the book introduces new readings of canonical and lesser-known authors, including Emile Habiby, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Anton Shammas, Saul Tchernichowsky, Samir Naqqash, Ronit Matalon, Salman Masalha, A. B. Yehoshua, and Almog Behar. By revealing uncommon visions of what it means to write in Arabic and Hebrew, the book will change the way we understand literature and culture in the shadow of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
DEIRDRE O'CONNELL

This study investigates the shifting meanings invested in the ragtime song “A Hot Time in the Old Time, Tonight” at the turn of the twentieth century. Complicating the tune's place in the canon of military, political, and national anthems was its associations with “vice,” black culture, and white supremacy. By mapping the ritual and representational uses of the song, this investigation demonstrates how “A Hot Time” served paradoxical functions that simultaneously affirmed and unsettled American exceptionalism. In doing so, this article traces the processes of obfuscation whereby black musical traditions and white supremacy defined America's distinctive national identity.


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