scholarly journals Large and small farms in the agriculture of the Republic of Serbia

2007 ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radovan Pejanovic
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Agrarian Policy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries

The author deals with the current issue of the farm size in agriculture Thereby the starting point of the author is the experience of the developed countries of the EU, in which the policy of agglomeration has been implemented successfully for a long time. In the agrarian structure of these countries there coexist large, medium size, and small farms, which find their place and play a significant role in the division of labour and in the accompanying specialization within the concept of the integral rural development. Serbia is characterized by an unfavourable property structure on the one hand, and on the other hand by the uncompleted privatization and reconstructuring of agricultural enterprises and cooperatives. The agrarian policy has failed to solve the problem of our agricultural subjects which has resulted in the crisis in both agriculture and rural areas. Measures and activities which would contribute to finding the solution to these problems are required.

scholarly journals Nosocomial infections at Clinical Centre in Kragujevac: Prevalence study

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Milena Ilic ◽  
Ljiljana Markovic-Denic
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Urinary Infections ◽  
Clinical Centre ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries

Introduction Nosocomial infections (NIs) are a serious health problem in hospitals worldwide and are followed by a series of consequences, medical, judicial, ethical and economic. Objective The main aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of NIs at the Clinical Centre in Kragujevac. Methods A prevalence study of nosocomial infections was conducted from 16th till 20th May, 2005, within Second National Prevalence Study of Nis in the Republic of Serbia. Results The study included 866 patients. 40 patients had a NI, thus the prevalence of patients with NIs and prevalence of NIs was the same, 4.6%. Among NIs, the most frequent were urinary infections (45.0%) followed by surgical-site infections (17.5%), skin and soft tissue infections (15%) and pneumonia (12.5%). The rate of NIs was highest at departments of orthopaedics and traumatological surgery (12.0%), followed by intensive care units (8.0%). Overall, 67.5% (27/40) NIs were culture-proved; the leading pathogens were Escherichia coli (40.0%), followed by gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas species, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacteriaceae with equal frequency of 8.0%). Nosocomial infections were significantly more frequent in patients aged ?65 years (p<0.05), with longer hospitalization ?8 days (p<0.00), in intensive care patients (p<0.05), patients with an intravenous catheter (p<0.00), urinary catheter (p<0.00), and those under antibiotic therapy (p<0.00). Conclusion This study showed that the prevalence of nosocomial infections in our hospital is similar to the prevalence in the developed countries. The study of prevalence provides a prompt insight into basic epidemiological and ethiological characteristics of nosocomial infections, hence identification of hospital priorities and the need to undertake appropriate prevention measures. .

Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1533-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

scholarly journals Indonesia and a Marginality Trap

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1(50)) ◽  
pp. 146-154
Author(s):  
Anton O. Zakharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Muslim Communities

Indonesia has a huge population over 270 million people. The Republic of Indonesia is the largest Muslim state in the world. Its steady economic growth faces a deep challenge due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Indonesian education and medicine systems are insufficient whereas the country nowadays has no high-tech or knowledge-intensive technologies. Indonesia looks a bit marginal facing current challenges, especially in comparison with the developed countries. The poverty rate is high in Indonesia. The country also faces a rise of radical Muslim communities. The COVID-19 pandemic does help the Indonesian military to strengthen again. Many challenges — demographic, economic, social, political and cultural — imply that any Indonesian government has to maneuver between the Armed Forces, Muslim groups, and the poor.

scholarly journals Medicines policy and drug company investments: the Irish experience

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Hans Lofgren
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Industry Policy ◽  
The Developed Countries

THIS BOOK IS ABOUT MANIFESTATIONS of power in medicines and pharmaceutical industry policy. The main focus is on the Republic of Ireland but there are chapters also on drug regulation in Canada, Britain and Australia. The multinational pharma companies loom larger in Ireland than in most other countries; several chapters detail the implications for this small country of the presence of a major cluster of global drug companies. Globalisation is the hallmark of the drug sector; innovation and production occur within international networks which are mirrored by interaction between regulatory agencies which operate similar systems of control and monitoring. Since the 1990s, many aspects of product safety regulation have been standardised across the developed countries through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, sponsored by the regulatory agencies and industry associations of the USA, the European Union and Japan. While orchestrating vast scientific, economic and technological resources, the big pharma companies participate as insiders in national policy processes, such as those described in this book. Firms typically affirm a commitment to the health and economic concerns of the local jurisdiction ? however governments cannot help but be sensitive to their global reach and power to choose where to invest.

scholarly journals New Evaluation of Small Farms: Implication for an Analysis of Food Security

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Ardakani ◽  
Fabio Bartolini ◽  
Gianluca Brunori
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Farm Structure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Practical Implications

Farm structure is a multi-dimensional concept that can be measured through different criteria. Meanwhile, farm structure has been identified to discern small farms or well-endowed farms from the other farms. Distinguishing and identifying these two groups have practical implications for understanding the dynamics in rural areas and the effectiveness of target measures in these categories. The existing literature lacks a better definition of small farms based on the different criteria used. In this paper, we have developed composite indicators to apply to the concept of farm structure to re-define small farms and discover their role in achieving food security in Europe. By clustering countries using the composite indicator of farm structure, we estimate that more than 80 percent of food across Europe is produced by multi-criteria small and medium farms, but the partial productivities of agricultural land and labor in these countries that have the majority of multi-criteria small and medium farms are much lower than the large ones. Then, an estimate of a spatial econometric regression model was done to recognize how farm structure, a representative of farm size, can affect food availability, which is representative of food security. The results show that improving the structure of farms in a country not only improves its food security but also improves its neighbors’ food security. Hence, improving the structure of multi-criteria small farms is a major part of the solution to improve and achieve food security. Recognizing and understanding the diversity of multi-criteria small farms by considering the specific products and countries is necessary for designing appropriate innovations and policies for supporting more productive multi-criteria small farms.

Rural Development in Malaysia-Issues and Problems Conf ronting MADA, FELDA and RISDA1

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
Alex Yui-Huen Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Third World

AbstractAsia is predominantly a rural society. And yet, a quarter century ago, when the Asian countries emerged as politically independent nations from centuries of colonial rule, they adopted a development model2 which was indifferent if not inimical to rural development. Support for this model, which essentially permitted continuation of existing international economic relationships, came from two external sources-the developed countries of the West and the developed centrally planned countries.3 Recent years have also witnessed a heightened concern in the Third World countries over the problem of economic development. In most developing countries, past development efforts appear to have failed to bring about a real development breakthrough. Yet the recent spate of world economic crises, associated with global inflation-cum-recession, oil price increases, food shortages, instabilities in the world commodity markets, have hit many developing countries very hard, especially those in South Asia which have actually experienced a reduction in average per capita living standards over the past few years. In Malaysia, some even suggested that although money income has gone up, there are disquieting signs that the quality of life is deteriorating and that many people are finding it more and more difficult to satisfy their basic needs.4 Then the crisis of the world's agriculture and its peasant masses had led to the proposal of a number of development strategies in the rural areas (i.e. Redistribution of land; Abolition of rents and tenant arrangements; Landholding reform; Intensification of peasant agriculture; Family farms; Cooperatives; and Collective farms, etc.), all of which have been tried with more or less success in different parts of the world. Within this paper, we will specially look at the rural development efforts of Malaysia, especially some of the issues and problems encountered by some of it's rural development programmes.

scholarly journals Urbanization: Concepts, Trends and Analysis in Three Latin American Cities

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Alfonso Piña
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Urban Consolidation

Abstract Explanatory models on the urban expansion process have focussed mainly on the dynamic of cities in the developed countries that are characterized by a strong institutional framework, a culture of urban planning, and compliance with the rules. This paper analyses the phenomenon of urban expansion in three Latin American cities (Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City), taking into account cities with a strong process of urbanization and where the local administration does not have enough control over the growth of cities due to the high rate of migration determining sub-urbanization, peri-urbanization, exo-urbanization, and counter-urbanization processes similar to developed countries. However, these processes may be related to hidden or displaced urbanization in rural areas of municipalities and metropolitan areas or intermediate cities due to the dynamics of urban consolidation. In every Latin American country, the participation and combination of these phenomena are different, although the results are similar: the advance of urban expansion with more segmented, disperse and distant patterns of large urban centres. This analysis determine the characteristics of the urbanization process taking into account physical and geographic aspects, urbanization trends and socioeconomic features in cities selected of Latin America and determines their impact determining the importance to formulate adequate policies that integrates environmental and socioeconomic aspects to achieve sustainable development in urban contexts.

scholarly journals Irrigation, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size: The Case of Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1132
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Sampaio Morais ◽  
Felipe F. Silva ◽  
Carlos Otávio de Freitas ◽  
Marcelo José Braga
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Stochastic Production Frontier ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Census ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
On Farm

In developing countries, irrigation can help to decrease poverty in rural areas through increased employment in the agricultural sector. Evidence shows that irrigation may increase farm productivity and technical efficiency. In this paper, we estimate the effect of irrigation on farm technical efficiency in Brazil using the 2006 Agricultural Census dataset on more than 4 million farms. We estimate a stochastic production frontier at farm level, considering potential selection bias in irrigation adoption. We find that farms using irrigation are on average 2.51% more technically efficient compared to rain-fed farms. Our findings also suggest that while small farms are more efficient than medium and large farms, the largest difference in technical efficiency between rain-fed and irrigated farms is among large farms. Our results indicate that policies that seek to support expansion of irrigation adoption has also the potential to achieve greater rural development given the estimated effects estimated in this paper among very small and small farms, which are more than 70% of the farms in Brazil.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Ecotourism Efficiency in the Republic of Uzbekistan: Experience of the Developed Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza Makhmudova
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Further Development

This paper makes analyses of the ecotourism development in the Republic of Uzbekistan. On this case, experience of the well-developed destinations was analyzed to make better developments as the whole. Hence, Uzbekistan has great opportunities to show up untapped eco touristic resources in order to attract better flow of tourists. Paper concluded with major recommendations of the tourism industry for the further development.

scholarly journals Hungarian dairy and beef production sector technical efficiency comparsion using DEA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztián Kovács ◽  
Ratnesh Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Dea Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Beef Sector

To examine and compare the technical efficiency of dairy sector and the beef sector, this research introduced the main indicators of milk and beef production in the world, EU and Hungarian aggregates. Based on the data it can be said that the milk and beef production of Hungary does not occupy any significant position in the world as well as in the European Union neither today nor even in the past. If Hungry must compete in the European counties and international market, their dairy sector must focus to increase of their production efficiency as the key breakthrough point. This paper we compared technical efficiency of both dairy and beef sectors in total, for the year 2014 and 2015 separately and based on the farm size. The specific objectives of the research are: comparing dairy and beef farms efficiency in Hungary. Based on the results, we can determine which sector in Hungary is more effective. The second objective is to compare the efficiencies of both the sectors in 2014 and 2015 separately and from the results we can determine which year was more effective in terms of production efficiency and the third objective of the research is technical efficiency comparison of certain economic sizes for both sectors. In the research, we used (KOVACS, 2009) deterministic (DEA) model adapted to the Hungarian dairy farms and beef farms. For the dairy farms milk and dairy products as well as meat (other income). The input factors originated from the domestic AKI - FADN database. Summarizing the results of the research it can be conclude that the dairy sector is more effective than the beef sector in Hungary. In terms of years compared 2014 was more effective for both sector as compared with 2015. In regards to the farm size almost the same result in evaluating the scale of efficiency, which means that large economies can in most cases, manage resources more efficiently than small farms. In the examined years, based on the results of the DEA model, the VRS technical efficiency of the test for these two years was 72.90% for the dairy farms and 63.60% for the beef farms, which means that the dairy sector is more efficient than the beef sector in Hungary. The VRS technical efficiency of the research was 82.10% in 2014 and 75.10% in 2015 for the dairy farms and 77.50% in 2014 and 68.90% in 2015 for the beef farms, which means that both the dairy sector and the beef sectors followed the same trend and were more efficient in 2014 compared to the efficiency in 2015. The large size dairy farms were most effective in Hungary in the examined period (90.90%). VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 88% and the total number of small, the technical efficiency medium farms was 72.80% For the beef sector VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 71.30% and the technical efficiency medium farms was 74.40% and 70% of the beef meat producing farms in Hungary are medium sized. So, the conclusion is the small size dairy farms have a higher VRS efficiency than the small size beef farms whereas medium sized beef farms had higher VRS efficiency than the medium size dairy farms. As a conclusion, both dairy and beef sectors in Hungary have the potential to overcome technology and knowledge constraints and attain the upmost attainable productivity level through improvements in; farmer volume of production i.e. output, beef cattle technologies, and advertising, and the efficiency of the technology transfer process. JEL Code: Q13

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