scholarly journals A. facialis in ground squirrel (Citellus itellus)

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Zora Nikolic ◽  
Ivana Bozickovic ◽  
Marija Zdravkovic
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Organ Systems

A ground squirrel is a hibernator, which hibernation lasts, depending on the age and sex, since the end of the summer until the spring. During this period in the body of ground squirrel, as well as in other hibernators, starts lowering of all vital functions, what has been proven by numerous physiological, biochemical and histological examinations of some organ systems of this animal. The objective of our work was to investigate a part of cardiovascular system of ground squirrel so in that way to contribute to a better knowledge of this animal body structure and accordingly to comparative anatomy in general. The investigation included 6 ground squirrels, of both gender, body weight 200-300 grams. For obtaining head and neck arterial vascularization, after exsanguination of the animal, contrast mass of gelatin coloured with tempera was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting, the blood vessels were prepared and photographed. For obtaining the corrosive preparations of head and neck arterial blood vessels, after exsanguination of the animal, Biocryl (a mixture of liquid biocryl - methil - methacrylate monomer and biocryl in powder - methil - methacrylate polymer) was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH, for 96 hours or into 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that they were rinsed in hot water and photographed. A. facialis in ground squirrel is an extension of A. maxillaris. The branches of A. facialis are: A. labialis inferior, A. bursae buccalis dorsalis, A. labialis superior, A. dorsalis nasi and A. angularis oculi. The obtained results regarding A. facialis in ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) were compared to the same ones in rats. In rats, A. facialis is the biggest branch separating from A. carotis externa. The branches of A. facialis in rats are: Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. labialis inferior, A. angularis oris, A. labialis superior, Rami musculares, A. lateralis nasi and A. angularis oculi. Based on the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that both in ground squirrel and rat A. facialis branches into A. labialis inferior, A. labialis superior and A. angularis oculi. In ground squirrel the branches of A. facialis are also A. bursae buccalis dorsalis and A. dorsalis nasi, and in rat those are Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. angularis oris, Rami musculares and A. lateralis nasi.

scholarly journals Vascularization of the kidney of the ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) in comparison with other experimental animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Dusko Vitorovic ◽  
Ivana Adamovic ◽  
Ivana Nesic ◽  
Zlata Brkic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Artery ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Right

Ground squirrel is the only representative of its genus in our country. As experimental animal is used in microbiology, parasitology, immunology and pharmacology. The aim of this study was to examine a part of ground squirrel cardiovascular system and thus help better understanding of anatomy of the body of this specific animal as well as to contribute to comparative anatomy. The studies were perfomed on six ground squirrels, both sexes, weight between 200- 300 g. In order to obtain the arterial vascularization of the kidney, contrast mass gelatin stained with painting tempera was injected into the abdominal aorta after bleeding out. After the injection, blood vessels were prepared and photographed. Corosive preparations of the vein blood vessels of the kidneys were obtained by injection of Byocril into the right azygos vein after bleeding out. After injection, the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH for 96 hours or 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that the preparations were rinsed with hot water and photographed. A. renalis dextra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 3-4 mm caudal to A. mesenterica cranialis. In most cases, this vessel divides into two or three branches before entering the hilus of the right kidney. A. renalis sinistra arises from the lateral wall of the abdominal aorta, 7-9 mm caudal to the right renal artery. Often, instead of one left renal artery, there are two, rarely three. Based on the results of our study, we concluded that in ground squirrel there is one A. renalis dextra and often two, rarely three Aa. renales sinistrae. In renal venous vascularization, both right and left renal vein are involved. Before entering the kidney, both of them divide into cranial and caudal branch, undergoing renal hilus, enter the renal sinus and continues to branch out into smaller branches.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEPATIC BLOOD VESSELS OF THE GROUND SQUIRREL (SPERMOPHILUS CITELLUS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloš BLAGOJEVIĆ ◽  
Ivana NEŠIĆ ◽  
Milena ĐORĐEVIĆ ◽  
Drago NEDIĆ ◽  
Marija ZDRAVKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Hepatic Artery ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Celiac Artery ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Spermophilus Citellus

The aim of this paper was to study distribution of the hepatic artery and portal vein of theportal system of the liver in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) and compare these data withthose concerning the rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and nutrias. The liver of the ground squirrel receivesthe oxygen and nutrients through blood from two large blood vessels: portal vein and hepatic artery(a. hepatica propria). The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three main venous bloodvessels: v. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, v. gastrolienalis and v. mesenterica cranialis. It collectsvenous blood from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and all of intestines except the rectum. The portalvein enters the porta hepatis on the liver together with the hepatic artery. Five venous branches ofdifferent size separate from the portal vein and ramify into the respective liver lobes.Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins that start with the central veins. Three large hepaticveins and two venous trunks drain lobes of the liver and enter the caudal vena cava as it passesthrough the liver.A. hepatica propria supplies the liver and gallbladder with oxygenated blood. It raises from thehepatic artery (a. hepatica) wich is the third branch of the celiac artery. A. hepatica propria in theportal fissure is divided into two branches, of which the left branch brings arterial blood to the lefthepatic lobe, and the right branch brings it into other liver lobes.

scholarly journals Development and Application of Endothelial Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microphysiological Systems Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal C. Kennedy ◽  
Erin E. Brown ◽  
Nadia O. Abutaleb ◽  
George A. Truskey
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Temporal Waveform ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

The vascular endothelium is present in all organs and blood vessels, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste throughout different organ systems in the body, and sets the tone for healthy vessel function. Mechanosensitive in nature, the endothelium responds to the magnitude and temporal waveform of shear stress in the vessels. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases. Modeling endothelial function and dysfunction in organ systems in vitro, such as the blood–brain barrier and tissue-engineered blood vessels, requires sourcing endothelial cells (ECs) for these biomedical engineering applications. It can be difficult to source primary, easily renewable ECs that possess the function or dysfunction in question. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be sourced from donors of interest and renewed almost indefinitely. In this review, we highlight how knowledge of vascular EC development in vivo is used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into ECs. We then describe how iPSC-derived ECs are being used currently in in vitro models of organ function and disease and in vivo applications.

Computational and Experimental Investigation of Arterial Hemodynamics

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Rose ◽  
David Johnson ◽  
Justin Spaeth ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Antony Beris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hemodynamics ◽  
Arterial Blood

Dynamic arterial blood pressure and blood flow are key determinants of normal or pathological functioning of the cardiovascular system. The measurement of these variables at multiple locations in the body is clinically and physiologically valuable, but difficult to achieve except with invasive methods which carry significant risk to the patient. We have developed and here present a computational model of systemic arterial hemodynamics. The model predicts dynamic pressures and flows throughout the systemic arterial vascular bed. The inputs to the model are pressure or flow measured at a single site, and a description of the architectural and mechanical properties of the blood and blood vessels. We have also measured dynamic pressure and flow noninvasively in healthy women and men. We use these measurements to test and refine the model. The arterial model includes over 24 million blood vessels. The dimensions and branching patterns of 45 large arteries are derived from population averages. Approximately half of these vessels terminate in self-similar branching networks of arteries which extend to capillary-sized vessels. Womersley’s linearization of the Navier-Stokes equations is used to describe the relationship between pressure and flow in each vessel. The inviscid wave velocity in each vessel is estimated based on the combined effects of Young’s modulus, vessel thickness and diameter, and the rheological properties of blood. The blood is modeled as a non-Newtonian fluid whose hematocrit and viscosity vary with vessel size. Wave reflections are computed at all junctions between vessels. The nonlinear pressure drop occurring at the bifurcation of each vessel into daughter vessels is estimated and taken into account when computing the pressures and flows throughout the network. Dynamic pressure is measured noninvasively by applanation tonometry. Dynamic blood velocity is measured with Doppler ultrasonography, and vessel diameter is measured using ultrasound. Custom software uses the electrocardiogram to average data from multiple beats to create ensemble average waveforms for pressure, velocity, and diameter. Data has been collected from the radial and carotid arteries. The experimentally measured pressure from one site is used as input to the model. The model predictions are compared to the other experimental measurements. Blood vessel mechanical properties are estimated by adjusting the model parameters to get good agreement between measured and predicted quantities. This capability can be used to understand effects of pathological changes in vascular properties on local pressure and flow behavior throughout the vasculature.

Common Cues in Vascular and Axon Guidance

Physiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Serini ◽  
Federico Bussolino
Keyword(s):  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Organ Systems

Blood vessels and nerves are structured in architecturally similar organ systems and show functional relationships. Indeed, vascular and neuronal cells are guided in their journey throughout the body by the same attractive and repulsive factors that respectively activate and inhibit the function of integrin-adhesive receptors.

Temperature dependence of in vitro androgen production in testes from hibernating ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 3020-3023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Barnes ◽  
Paul Licht ◽  
Irving Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Temperature Compensation ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Spermophilus Lateralis ◽  
Dose Dependent

The effect of temperature on the in vitro androgen secretion of testes from hibernating ground squirrels was measured in response to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH). We wished to determine whether hibernating ground squirrels can maintain responsiveness of gonads while at the low body temperatures of torpor. In gonads incubated at 32 °C, secretion of testosterone increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to ovine-LH or ground squirrel pituitary homogenate. This responsiveness was reduced at 20 and 9 °C and absent at 5 °C, the temperature that most closely approximates the body temperature of torpid ground squirrels. This temperature sensitivity was similar to that in the nonhibernating laboratory mouse. Superfusion of ground squirrel testes revealed a lag of testosterone secretion in response to LH and, additionally, an ability of testes to secrete testosterone after being only briefly exposed to ovine-LH while at 5 °C. These results provide evidence against a hypothesis of temperature compensation that would allow continued testis function during torpor, and support a previous study which indicated that gonadal growth is restricted to intervals of normothermy during and after the hibernation season.

Myocardial metabolic and electrical properties of rabbits and ground squirrels at low temperatures

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 494-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Covino ◽  
John P. Hannon
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Rabbit Heart ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Perfusion Fluid ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Ventricular Tissue

When perfused in vitro with Krebs-Henseleit solution both rabbit and arctic squirrel hearts exhibit similar contraction rates in a temperature range of 35°–25°C. Below 25° the rabbit heart was more susceptible to the present effect of cold. A reduction in temperature produced a much more pronounced depression in diastolic ventricular excitability in the rabbit than in the ground squirrel. At any given temperature, both species had quite similar in vitro coronary flow rates. As the perfusion fluid was cooled, however, flow rates of both species were markedly lowered. Ventricular tissue removed from rabbits with rectal temperatures of 15°C showed that a conversion of ATP to ADP had occurred. Lowering of the body temperature to 15°C in squirrels had no effect on ventricular ATP levels. At both normal and hypothermic temperatures, the total ventricular nucleotide content was much higher in squirrels than in rabbits. At 38° and at 15° squirrels exhibited a higher glutamic but a lower ß-hydroxybutyric, malic and succinic oxidase activity than rabbits.

scholarly journals A. Hepatica in European ground squirrel (Citellus Citellus) compared to other experimental animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Milos Blagojevic ◽  
Bogomir Prokic ◽  
Dejana Cupic-Miladinovic
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Celiac Artery ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Joint Tree ◽  
Arterial Vascularization ◽  
Aorta Abdominalis ◽  
Font Color

European ground squirrel is the only representative of its genus in Serbia. It is used as experimental animal in microbioogy, parasitology, pharmacology and immunology. The objective of this work was to investigate a part of cardiovascular system of ground squirrel so in that way to contribute to a better knowledge of this animal body structure and accordingly to comparative anatomy in general. The investigation included 6 ground squirrels, of both gender, body weight 200-300 grams. For obtaining the liver arterial vascularization, after exsanguination of the animal, contrast mass of gelatin coloured with tempera was injected into abdominal aorta (Aorta abdominalis). After injecting, the blood vessels were prepared and photographed. In ground squirrel A. celiaca is odd, larger vessel that exits the abdominal aorta. It is divided into three branches: A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. A. hepatica is divided into A. hepatica propria and A. gastroduodenalis. A. hepatica propria further gives A. cystica, Rami cardiaci and small branches for Lnn. portales. A. gastroduodenalis is divided into A. pancreaticoduodenalis and A. gastroepiploica dextra. A. celiaca in nutria and rat is an odd artery, divided into A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. In rabbits, celiac artery (A. celiaca) is divided into A. lienalis and short trunk from which A. gastrica sinistra and A. Hepatica emerge. A. celiaca in golden hamster does not exist in the form of tripus coeliacus (A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica), but from A. celiaca it is firstly separated A. hepatica, and then short trunk from which A. gastrica sinistra and A. Lienalis emerge. In guinea-pig, from abdominal aorta a joint tree branches off into A. celiaca and A. mesenterica cranialis (Truncus celiacomesentericus). Based on the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that A. celiaca in European ground squirrel, nutria and rat branches from abdominal aorta as a separate blood vessel. In these animals A. celiaca branches are: A. lienalis, A. gastrica sinistra and A. hepatica. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/VETGL1702141E">10.2298/VETGL1702141E</a><u></b></font>

Cardiac output in hibernating ground squirrels

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 1345-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojin Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Chronic Cannulation ◽  
Arteriovenous Difference ◽  
Similar Decrease

After chronic cannulation of the aorta and right ventricle with polyethylene tubes, ground squirrels re-entered hibernation and were used for cardiac output determinations (Fick principle). The cardiac output of a 210- to 220-g hibernating ground squirrel at a body temperature of 7 C was about 1.0 ml/min, about 65 times smaller than in the active state. A similar decrease occurred in the oxygen consumption of the hibernating animals. The arteriovenous difference of oxygen contents of the blood was unchanged in hibernation despite somewhat decreased oxygen content of arterial blood. The hematocrit ratio was 57 vol % in euthermic ground squirrels and only 40 in hibernating animals.

COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF MOXONIDINE VERSUS CLONIDINE IN RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS.

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
DR.MATHEW GEORGE ◽  
DR.LINCY JOSEPH ◽  
MRS.DEEPTHI MATHEW ◽  
ALISHA MARIA SHAJI ◽  
BIJI JOSEPH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Blood Flows

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged(1). High blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to work properly. When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys.

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