scholarly journals Gender wage gap in Serbia: Inheritance and sources of the wage gap

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Kosovka Ognjenovic
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Labour Relations

The aim of this paper is to determine the size, structure, and significance of the differences in wages between men and women during the early transition in Serbia in the 2000s. During that period, a new legislative framework was established in the field of labour relations, which enabled greater liberalisation in the labour market and resulted in a reduction in the activity rate, especially of women. Following the experiences of other post-transition countries, it may be expected that economic and social changes caused by the transitional shocks may stimulate different behaviours in the labour market of both the employers, through their impact on determination of wages, and the labour force, through workers? choice to remain or to permanently exit the labour market. This could affect not only the deepening of gender differences, but also the emergence of discrimination in wage setting. The paper applies the parametric sample selection model, on the basis of which the probability of women?s participation in the labour market is estimated, as well as the wage functions of men and women. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey for 2002 and 2007 are used. Theoretically expected results are obtained; children and marital status with a negative sign, and sources of non-working income with a positive sign influence the probability of women?s participation in the labour force. The estimated equations of wages of men and women indicate differences in the structure of wages, which provides the basis for the application of the statistical procedure for the decomposition of the gender wage gap. Examination of the initial hypothesis revealed the presence of a significant gender wage gap, which was the largest in 2002 (10.96%), falling to 5.97% in 2007. The gender wage gap in Serbia cannot be explained by the differences in the observed characteristics of men and women, since they act in the direction of reducing the overall gap and their effect is stable, amounting to between -5.51% (2002) and -5.43% (2007). Therefore, the decline in the gender wage gap is the result of reducing the gap in the unexplained part from 17.43% (2002) to 12.06% (2007). Over the observed period, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap remains persistent and leaves room for consideration of the potential effects of discrimination and possible directions of public policy.

scholarly journals Male–Female Wage Gap and Informal Employment in Bangladesh: A Quantile Regression Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafizur Rahman ◽  
Md. Al-Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Conditional Quantile ◽  
Female Wage ◽  
Quantile Estimates

This article undertakes an examination of Bangladesh’s latest available Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2015–2016 data to draw in-depth insights on gender wage gap and wage discrimination in Bangladesh labour market. The mean wage decomposition shows that on average a woman in Bangladesh earns 12.2 per cent lower wage than a man, and about half of the wage gap can be explained by labour market discrimination against women. Quantile counterfactual decomposition shows that women are subject to higher wage penalty at the lower deciles of the wage distribution with the wage gap varying between 8.3 per cent and 19.4 per cent at different deciles. We have found that at lower deciles, a significant part of the gender wage gap is on account of the relatively larger presence of informal employment. Conditional quantile estimates further reveal that formally employed female workers earn higher wage than their male counterparts at the first decile but suffer from wage penalty at the top deciles. JEL: C21, J31, J46, J70

scholarly journals Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 865-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sabir ◽  
Zehra Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Almost All

One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination in the labour market, particularly in wages. Evidence with respect to gender discrimination in Pakistan’s labour market is welldocumented. Siddique, et al. (2006), Nasir and Nazli (2000), Siddique, et al. (1998) and Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) all confirm that men earn higher wages than women even after controlling for measurable characteristics affecting their productivity. These studies, however, analyse the gender wage gap by comparing the mean male/female wage. Studies which compare the gender wage gap at different points along the wage distribution are not available for Pakistan.

scholarly journals Gender wage gaps in Ghana: A comparison across different selection models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Adu Boahen ◽  
Kwadwo Opoku
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Wage Gaps ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Selection Correction

The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. However, getting employment requires two decisions. First, an individual has to decide to participate in the labour market, and second, an employer must decide to hire that individual. Since female labour market participation often differs from that of men, and employers’ decisions to hire may also be influenced by gender, it is appropriate to account for this double selection process. This study uses the latest household survey in Ghana to estimate gender wage gaps by correcting for this double selection process. We find that the average total gender wage gap is positive and significant irrespective of the sample selection correction method used. Our results indicate that women on average receive lower wages than men. Irrespective of the type of selection method used, our findings suggest that almost all the wage gap is a result of differences in returns, with only a small part coming from differences in observables. We find that the gender wage gap is smaller among formal wage employees and the gap decreases as education level increases. Although our findings indicate a similar trend in the wage gap across all specifications, the magnitude of the gap is sensitive to the choice of the model. This points to the need to be cautious about the choice of sample selection correction used to analyse gender wage gaps.

The gender wage gap in the public and private sectors: The Spanish experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 135050682097902
Author(s):  
Patricia Moreno-Mencía ◽  
Ana Fernández-Sainz ◽  
Juan M. Rodríguez-Poo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Private And Public

Using microdata from the Wage Structure Survey, we analyse the gender wage gap in the private and public sectors, considering the whole wage distribution. The main contribution is to assume that the decision to work in a sector is a prior process determined endogenously in the model. Thus, the usual Ordinary Least Square estimation is inconsistent, and it is necessary to use alternative techniques. We use quantile regression techniques to calculate how much of the gap is due to differences in returns between men and women and sectors, taking into account the sample selection bias. We find that the size of the gap attributed to different returns varies substantially across the wage distribution. Public sector employees are paid higher wages, on average, than their counterparts in the private sector, and the gap is wider for women. Moreover, the proportion of the gender wage gap explained (by different characteristics) tends to be greater for workers who are at the bottom of the wage distribution in both sectors. A look at the whole wage distribution reveals that discrimination in the gender wage gap is typically higher at its top than at its bottom, suggesting that glass ceilings are more prevalent than sticky floors for both men and women.

scholarly journals Trade, skill premium and the gender wage gap: Evidence from manufacturing industries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kore Marc Antoine Guei
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Monopolistic Competition ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper assesses the impact of trade liberalization on the labour market by focusing on skill wage premium. The paper tests these effects by developing a monopolistic competition model with two factors of production characterized by their skill levels (skilled and unskilled labour). The paper finds that tariff’s level reductions cause a moderate increase in the wage gap. Thus, our analysis shows that a 10% decrease in tariffs is accompanied by a 16.1 % increase in the skill premium. Also, the same level of tariffs’ cut will on average increase the gender wage gap by 26.8%. The study implies that trade liberalization tends to benefit more workers in the skilled labour market compared to workers in the unskilled labour market.

Gender wage gap decomposition methods: Comparative analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 5-31
Author(s):  
Sergey Roshchin ◽  
◽  
Natalya Yemelina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
Influence Functions ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Monitoring Survey ◽  
The Mean

This study introduces a comparative analysis of the gender wage gap decomposition methods with the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) data for 2018. To decompose the differences in average wages, approaches based on the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition are used. Apart from the mean wages, the study focuses on other distribution statistics. Using the quantile regressions, the wage gap between men and women is decomposed for the distribution parameters such as median, lower and upper deciles. The decomposition estimates of conditional and unconditional (based on recentered influence functions) quantile regressions are compared.

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