scholarly journals Everyday living in Yugoslavia: A life beyond the realm of necessity

Sociologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Maroje Visic
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Contemporary Perspective ◽  
Everyday Living ◽  
Summer Vacations

In the text author discusses the living standard of the daily and averaged Dasein living in Yugoslavia. Given that the article is written in a form of retrospective gaze from the perspective of a completely different economic, social and political regime the emphasis is put on those indicators that testify to the high living standards: consumption, housing and the availability to spend summer vacations in the sea resorts. These indicators are considered to be part of luxury from contemporary perspective. Through selected topics the author will also attempt to demonstrate a certain level of democracy within socialism which was also the emblematic feature of Yugoslavia?s socialism. Yugonostalgia, a term often associated with remembering life in Yugoslavia, should therefore be understood not as a romantic repentance, but as a projection of former social organization from the perspective of capitalist societies, in other words as the comparison of then and now.

scholarly journals HOW ACCURATELY DOES 70% FINAL EMPLOYMENT EARNINGS REPLACEMENT MEASURE RETIREMENT INCOME (IN)ADEQUACY? INTRODUCING THE LIVING STANDARDS REPLACEMENT RATE (LSRR)

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie-Jeanne MacDonald ◽  
Lars Osberg ◽  
Kevin D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Retirement Income ◽  
Home Equity ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Income Adequacy ◽  
Rate Measure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dynamic Population

AbstractWill 70% of a worker's final annual employment earnings sustain living standards after retirement? Despite increasing skepticism, the most dominant measure of retirement income adequacy by financial planners, pensions plan advisors, academics and public policy makers is the “final employment earnings replacement rate”, where 70% is considered the right target to ensure living standards remain at approximately the same level after retirement. Using Statistics Canada's LifePaths dynamic population micro-simulation model, this paper asks whether those individuals from the 1951–1958 Canadian birth cohort who attain roughly a 70% final employment earnings replacement rate (as conventionally measured) at retirement do, in fact, achieve approximate continuity in their living standards. We find that the conventional final earnings replacement rate measure has little predictive value for living standards continuity between working-life and retirement. The primary reason is that employment earnings in a single year is not a reliable representation of a worker's standard of living — it relies on an inadequate pre-retirement measurement period, does not incorporate important components of consumption sources (such as home equity), and ignores household size (particularly children). As a result, we find that the correlation between the conventional earnings replacement rate and actual living standards continuity is relatively low (0.11). The paper therefore suggests an alternative metric for assessing how well a worker's living standard is maintained after retirement — i.e., the Living Standards Replacement Rate, or the LSRR. The LSRR provides a more accurate, understandable and consistent measure of retirement income adequacy.

scholarly journals “Do not deem the measures taken as violence...”: public charity and governance in Transbaikal during the political regime of the ataman G. Semenov

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-89
Author(s):  
Elena Sevostyanova ◽  
Olesya Ul'yanova
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Methodological Principle ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Habitual Activity ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
The Military

The object of this research is the regional charity and its transformation after February 1917, while the subject is the public charity in Transbaikal during the Civil War and political regime of the ataman G. Semenov. The research relies on the archival sources and periodical press materials. Using the systematic methodological principle, the topic is viewed in strong correlation with the events that unfolded in the society, taking into account structural, genetic, and functional relationships. The article is divided into parts, each of which reflects one of the facets of the articulated problem: disastrous fall in living standards of the population, household difficulties and psychological state peculiarities; crisis of the system of state care and collapse of the imperial system of organized public charity; public initiatives in the sphere of charity (forms, main recipients); “techniques” for encouraging charity used by the administration of the ataman G. Semenov. The conclusion is made that charitable activity overall during the political regime of the ataman G. Semenov retained. This was important, particularly in the conditions of declining living standards and growing number of destitute people, given that the circle of those eligible for receiving welfare has reduced, including for ideological reasons. The main recipients of public charity remained the orphans. Charity events for the own benefit, conducted by the educational institutions and ethnic diasporas, became a noticeable trend. The charity evenings for supporting the military, which in the early going appeared to be unregulated by Semenov’s administration, were prohibited. The authorities, interested in retaining public charity, often resorted to coercive measures fort its stimulation, including threats to habitual activity of the residents. The population was actively forced to donate for the army. The article reveals the methods of psychological pressure and coercion applied to population for participating in charity activities.

The Problem of Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Living standards change in line with GDP per head only if the distribution of incomes is unchanged. If incomes become less equally distributed the living standards of most people will fall even if GDP per head is stable. The Gini Coefficient is the most widely used indicator designed to measure the distribution of income. UK inequality, on this measure, has risen since 1977, stabilized since 1987, and fallen in recent years. In the US there has been a long-term increase in income inequality. Unless this US trend for increased income inequality halts, it is quite likely that even if GDP per head rises in the US, the living standard of the average voter will fall. The recent data suggest that changes in income inequality pose less of a threat to living standards in the UK then they do to those in the US.

Extra Costs for Urban Older People with Disabilities in Northern China

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Wang ◽  
Liping Xu ◽  
Xiaoyuan Shang ◽  
Ping Guo
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Old People ◽  
Functional Disabilities ◽  
The Cost

This paper uses the living standards method to estimate the extra costs for older people with functional disabilities in urban areas in Northern China. The research finds that the cost for older people who live alone is higher than those who live with other family members, and their living standard is lower. The costs increase with the age, especially for the oldest old people who live alone. The cost for older women is higher than their male counterparts. The extra costs of support for people with functional disabilities decrease the overall living standard of the household.

Effect of off-farm income on multi-dimensional poverty among rural farm households in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1081-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeoluwa Damilola Adeoye ◽  
Wayo Seini ◽  
Daniel Sarpong ◽  
Ditchfield Amegashie
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Geographical Regions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the different components of off-farm income on multi-dimensional poverty. Furthermore, the study aims to measure multi-dimensional poverty and also identify the determinants of multi-dimensional poverty in Nigeria. The paper reveals the different contributions of the dimensions of education, health and living standard. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on rural farm households in Nigeria. Data are obtained from the Nigeria General Household Survey, 2013. The survey covers both urban and rural areas of the 36 states of Nigeria. Owing to the interest of this study in the rural farm household’s sub-sector, a nationally representative sample of 836 rural farm households are selected for the study after the data merging process. Rural farm households in this paper earn 50 percent of their total income from crop and livestock production. The paper employs the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to measure multi-dimensional poverty across the six different geographical zones of Nigeria. The probit regression model is used to estimate and analyze the effect of off-farm income components on multi-dimensional poverty and also to identify the determinants of multi-dimensional poverty. Findings The results of the study show that among the off-farm income components, the non-farm wage income and non-farm self-employment income have negative association with multi-dimensional poverty. Findings show that multi-dimensional poverty is high in Nigeria with deprivations in health contributing the most. Northern Regions have a higher estimate. Results reveal that sex, age, number of adults, formal credit access, access to extension services and location characteristics are key determinants of multi-dimensional poverty. The MPI for Nigeria averaged 47 percent. Across regions, deprivation in the health dimension contributes about 44 percent to multi-dimensional poverty. Deprivation in living standards contributes 40.5 percent, while deprivation in education contributes 15.5 percent to multi-dimensional poverty. Research limitations/implications Due to the nature of the data used, the health indicators (nutrition and child mortality) are absent but proxies are used instead. Future research could introduce gender dimensions. Practical implications Improving the involvement of rural farm households in non-farm self-employment sector could improve their livelihoods and prevent migration to urban centers, especially among the youths. Social implications Improving the quality of health, education and living standards will lead to lower poverty levels in Nigeria. Farmers can best reduce their multi-dimensional poverty by engaging in more off-farm jobs. Originality/value This paper provides information to policy makers on the effect of different components of income from the off-farm sector on multi-dimensional poverty alongside with the determinants of multi-dimensional poverty at a national level for the rural farm households. By using MPI, the contribution of the different dimensions used in computing the MPI across the six geographical regions within the country is revealed. This provides policy makers with more information for development purposes.

Spatial diversity in the living standards of the population by powiats of Eastern and North-Eastern Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-71
Author(s):  
Mariusz Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Synthetic Indicators ◽  
North Eastern

The aim of this article is to order linearly and classify powiats in Eastern and North-Eastern Poland by the living standards of the population as well as to carry out spatial autocorrelation analysis based on the created synthetic indicators of the living standard. For the purpose of this article, a synthetic indicator was created to assess living standards of the population based on previously selected set of diagnostic variables. The use of synthetic indicators made it possible to replace the multi-variable description of objects with one statistical number. It enabled to measure a multidimensional area such as living standards of population as well as to perform a linear ordering of examined objects. 101 powiats in the Lubelskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Świętokrzyskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeships were included in the research. The TOPSIS, Ward’s and PAM methods were used in the research. Moreover spatial autocorrelation analyses were carried out based on the Moran’s I statistics. The main criterium for selecting variables was completeness and their accessibility for all objects in the research in the year 2014. Data from the Local Data Bank were used for the research purposes.

Assessment of households living standard by voivodships — meanders of taxonomic analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Artur Czech ◽  
Teresa Słaby
Keyword(s):  
Leisure Time ◽  
National Development ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Household Budget Survey ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Aggregate Variable

The article presents the results of the household living standards research based on the analysis of consumption expenditure by voivodships. The research was conducted with the exception of voivodship capitals as they are national development centers with higher consumption. The assessment of the level and structure of consumption in the Mazowieckie voivodship made the authors narrow the scope of data, which showed a significant overestimation of the results due to the presence of Warsaw in the dataset. Taxonomic analysis methods in the form of classical and order measure were used in the research. The analysis was based on the set of characteristics generated on the basis of data for 2014 from the Household Budget Survey carried out by the CSO. Particular attention was paid to the households expenditure for which the need of aggregate variable construction was emphasized, related to leisure time spending as one of the living standard measure.

Biochar Utilization in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Zone: Chances and Difficulties

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih Chun Kung
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Government Subsidy ◽  
Feasible Method ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
And Storage

The Poyang Lake Eco-Economics Zone includes 38 counties where 25 relatively poor counties are close to the lake. The country has been helping those rural areas and enhancing farmers’ living standard for many years, however, due to the historical, geographical, climatic reasons, farmers’ living standards do not have significant improvement so far. In addition to government subsidy, another way to enhance farmers’ income is to encourage of bioenergy production in a form of biochar/pyrolysis. Biochar/pyrolysis is a feasible method to produce clean and renewable energy along with substantial environmental and economic benefits such as increase in farmer’s revenue. However, there are also difficulties in its application due to transportation, feedstock collection, and storage. However, there need further investigation to quantify the gains and losses of pyrolysis/biochar technology.

scholarly journals Case study on the living standard of rice famers in An Giang province in the period of 2005-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (X1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Tran Gia Pham
Keyword(s):  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Negative Change ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Farming Households

For a more comprehensive look at the life of rice farmers in the context of environmental change, research on the change of the living standards of rice farming households in the period of 2005-2014 is done. In this study, social survey is utilized with sample size of 46 rice farming households in 6 districts in An Giang province (7-8 households/district on average) with the tool for data collection and analyzing having been the chart of selfevaluation of rice farmers on their living standards in the last 10 years. The study results showed that rice farming livelihood improves the life of farmers. However, if considered it during a long time, the living standard of the majority of rice farming households did not increase. Rice production is a kind of livelihood related to risks caused by negative change of the natural environment and the rice market's volatility. To adapt with the change of environment and to maintain the living standard, the rice farmers have implemented such solutions as livelihood diversification, plant transformation, increase of the cultivated areas and of investment in education for their children. Together with the goal of ensuring food security and enhancing rice exports, it is necessary to ensure profit, living standards of rice farmers, to strengthen their resources adapting to climate change, and to link the production with the market and international integration.

scholarly journals The living standard of the rural population of Kazakhstan as a socio-economic category

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 162-171
Author(s):  
A. Т. Tleuberdinova ◽  
◽  
R. M. Ruzanov ◽  
X. Kulik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Subsistence Level

The study was carried out within the framework of targeted funding of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Development of the concept and mechanisms of balanced territorial development of the economy and society of Kazakhstan." Methods - abstract-logical, monographic, graphical, comparative and cluster analysis. Results - in order to compare the living standards of rural areas of the country's regions, grouping of regions was carried out with justification of such indicators as growth rate of the number of rural residents; the share of the employed and self-employed in the total rural population; villagers' income; proportion of residents whose material well-being is below the subsistence level; share of expenses for food products and paid services. The results of the conducted cluster analysis are presented and groups of regions with similar living conditions, social security and characteristic problems are identified, which makes it possible to determine the main directions of regional policy for improving living standards in the countryside for each of them. Conclusions - the authors have developed recommendations for the implementation of measures aimed at increasing the level of livelihoods in rural areas that are of interest to regional and local government agencies, labor and social protection authorities in Kazakhstan, preparation of policy documents to improve the socioeconomic situation of rural residents.

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