scholarly journals The role of cytokines in orthodontic tooth movement

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezda Milosevic-Jovcic ◽  
Amila Vujacic ◽  
Aleksandra Konic ◽  
Jasna Pavlovic ◽  
Vera Todorovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Bone Biology ◽  
The Subject

One of the most important breakthroughs in the understanding of bone biology was the identification of the role of cytokines in bone remodelling including the alveolar bone exposed to the effect of mechanical forces during orthodontic treatment. Since bone remodelling is associated, in its early phase, with inflammation of the surrounding tissue, the hypothesis has been suggested on the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the process of bone remodelling, primarily IL-1?, IL-6 and TNF- ?. These cytokines function as response mediators in the acute phase of inflammation, as well as in the processes of metabolism, and stimulation of resorption and inhibition of bone formation. Mostly uninvestigated, the dynamics of concurrent changes of these three cytokines during the early phase of orthodontic teeth movement in children and adults was the subject of our investigation presented in this article on the current knowledge on the role of cytokines in this process.

scholarly journals The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Kaplan ◽  
Zana Kalajzic ◽  
Thomas Choi ◽  
Imad Maleeh ◽  
Christopher L. Ricupero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Osteocyte Apoptosis ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. Material and methods Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. Results We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2388
Author(s):  
Masaru Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Orthodontic Forces ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.

scholarly journals Biological Events in Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone Associated with Application of Orthodontic Forces

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Feller ◽  
R. A. G. Khammissa ◽  
I. Schechter ◽  
G. Thomadakis ◽  
J. Fourie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Induced Stresses ◽  
Orthodontic Forces

Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, mediating bone remodelling, ultimately enabling orthodontic tooth movement. In the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the mechanically induced tensile strains upregulate the expression of osteogenic genes resulting in bone formation, while mechanically induced compressive strains mediate predominantly catabolic tissue changes and bone resorption. In this review article we summarize some of the currently known biological events occurring in the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone in response to application of orthodontic forces and how these facilitate tooth movement.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF PDL-CEMENTUM ENTHESIS IN PROTECTING PDL UNDER MASTICATORY LOADING: A FINITE ELEMENT INVESTIGATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150049
Author(s):  
HOSSEIN JOKAR ◽  
GHOLAMREZA ROUHI ◽  
NABIOLLAH ABOLFATHI
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Strain Energy ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Von Mises

Background: The function of periodontal ligament (PDL)-cementum enthesis (PCE) in transferring the mechanical stimuli within the tooth–periodontium (PDT)–bone complex was not made clear yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of PCE on the mechanical stimuli distribution within the PDL and alveolar bone in the tooth–PDT–bone complex under occlusal forces using the finite element method. Methods: A computed tomography-based model of alveolar bone and second premolar of mandible was constructed, in which the PDT was considered at the interface of alveolar bone and tooth. Under a 3 MPa distributed occluso-apical masticatory load, applied over the uppermost surface of crown, the von Mises strain (vMST) and strain energy density (SED) within PDL, and von Mises stress (vMSR) and SED within alveolar bone were calculated in two situations: 1. When the PCE was absent; and 2. When the PCE was present between the PDL and cementum. Results: PCE levels-off SED and vMST within PDL up to 59% and 27%, respectively, compared to the model with no PCE. Moreover, in the alveolar bone, SEDs and vMSR increased up to 28% and 30%, respectively, compared to the model without PCE. Conclusion: By including PCE in the tooth–PDT–bone model, the mechanical stimuli shifted from PDL to its surrounding alveolar bone. Thus, it can be speculated that the tooth–PDT–bone complex has the capability of reducing the risk of PDL damage, through shifting excess mechanical stimuli from PDL toward the alveolar bone, during prolonged cyclic masticatory loading, as well as while one applies nonphysiologic and therapeutic loads, such as in orthodontic tooth movement.

scholarly journals Localization of osteopontin and osterix in periodontal tissue during orthodontic tooth movement in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Youn Kim ◽  
Byung-In Kim ◽  
Seong-Suk Jue ◽  
Jae Hyun Park ◽  
Je-Won Shin
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Periodontal Tissue ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Proliferating Cell ◽  
Periodontal Tissue Remodeling

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the localization of osteopontin (OPN) and osterix in periodontal tissue during experimental tooth movement with heavy force in rats. Materials and Methods: Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were used to create a 100 g mesial force to the maxillary first molars. On days 3, 7, 10, and 14 after force application, histological changes in periodontium were examined by immunohistochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), OPN, and osterix. Results: PCNA-positive cells were found close to the alveolar bone and cementum on both sides. OPN-positive cells were observed along the cementing line of the cementum and bone on both sides and also were visible along with newly formed fibers in the periodontal ligament on the tension side. Osterix-positive cells were strongly detected on the surface of the alveolar bone and cementum on both sides. Conclusions: During tooth movement, periodontal remodeling occurs on both sides. These results indicate that OPN and osterix may play an important role of differentiation and osteoblasts and cementoblasts matrix formation during periodontal tissue remodeling.

γδT Cells Are Essential for Orthodontic Tooth Movement

2021 ◽  
pp. 002203452098477
Author(s):  
S. Wald ◽  
A. Leibowitz ◽  
Y. Aizenbud ◽  
Y. Saba ◽  
K. Zubeidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Γδt Cells

Sustained mechanical forces applied to tissue are known to shape local immunity. In the oral mucosa, mechanical stress, either naturally induced by masticatory forces or externally via mechanical loading during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), is translated, in part, by T cells to alveolar bone resorption. Nevertheless, despite being considered critical for OTM, depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is reported to have no impact on tooth movement, thus questioning the function of αβT cells in OTM-associated bone resorption. To further address the role of T cells in OTM, we first characterized the leukocytes residing in the periodontal ligament (PDL), the tissue of interest during OTM, and compared it to the neighboring gingiva. Unlike the gingiva, monocytes and neutrophils represent the major leukocytes of the PDL. These myeloid cells were also the main leukocytes in the PDL of germ-free mice, although at lower levels than SPF mice. T lymphocytes were more enriched in the gingiva than the PDL, yet in both tissues, the relative fraction of the γδT cells was higher than the αβ T cells. We thus sought to examine the role of γδT cells in OTM. γδT cells residing in the PDL were mainly Vγ6+ and produced interleukin (IL)–17A but not interferon-γ. Using Tcrd-GDL mice allowing conditional ablation of γδT cells in vivo, we demonstrate that OTM was greatly diminished in the absence of γδT cells. Further analysis revealed that ablation of γδT cells decreased early IL-17A expression, monocyte and neutrophil recruitment, and the expression of the osteoclastogenic molecule receptor activator of nuclear factor–κβ ligand. This, eventually, resulted in reduced numbers of osteoclasts in the pressure site during OTM. Collectively, our data suggest that γδT cells are essential in OTM for translating orthodontic mechanical forces to bone resorption, required for relocating the tooth in the alveolar bone.

The Comparison of Ostecyte in the Pressure area and Tension area on Tooth Movement Because of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

DENTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Arya Barahmanta ◽  
Muhammad Faizal Winaris ◽  
Pambudi Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pressure Area

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Orthodontic tooth movement is a </em><em>interaction prosess</em><em> of resorption and deposition of bone remodeling. Orthodontic tooth movement by mechanical strength causes changes in alveolar bone. Osteocyte is an essential cell to respond bone remodelling. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy affects production of osteocyte because it can release Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Nitrid Oxide (NO).  <strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the difference number  of osteocyte in pressure and tension area during tooth movement by adjuvant of Hyperbaric Oxygen 2,4 ATA during 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This research used Completery Randomized Control Group Post Test Only Design. 36 cavia cobaya (male)  were divided into 3 groups randomly : the negative control groups, positive control group, and treatment group. Preparat staining used Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and calculated on microscop 1000x with 20 field of view. Data analyses used one way ANOVA and LSD test then compared each area by using paired T test. <strong>Result:</strong> The data showed that the treatment group (P=10,67) tension area has the highest number of osteocyte than  negative control group (K-=3,67), positive control (K+=7,42). In the pressure area showed that negative control group (K-=5,00) has the highest  than positive control group (K+=3,83) and treatment (P=3,25). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Therapy HBO 2,4 ATA 7 days starting on day 8 to day 14 is could increase osteocyte in the tissue to stimulate process of bone remodelling.</em></p><pre><strong> </strong></pre><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Hyperbaric Oxygen, Tooth movement, Bone remodeling, </em><em>Osteocyte</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Arya Brahmanta</em><em>, Department of Orthodonty, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone 031-5945864, Email:</em><em> </em><a href="mailto:[email protected]"><em>arya.brahmanta</em><em>@</em><em>hangtuah.ac.id</em></a></p>

Orthodontic Force–Induced BMAL1 in PDLCs Is a Vital Osteoclastic Activator

2021 ◽  
pp. 002203452110199
Author(s):  
Y. Xie ◽  
Q. Tang ◽  
S. Yu ◽  
W. Zheng ◽  
G. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Cells ◽  
Orthodontic Force ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Alveolar Bone Remodeling ◽  
Biomechanical Stimuli

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) depends on periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) sensing biomechanical stimuli and subsequently releasing signals to initiate alveolar bone remodeling. However, the mechanisms by which PDLCs sense biomechanical stimuli and affect osteoclastic activities are still unclear. This study demonstrates that the core circadian protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator–like protein 1 (BMAL1) in PDLCs is highly involved in sensing and delivering biomechanical signals. Orthodontic force upregulates BMAL1 expression in periodontal tissues and cultured PDLCs in manners dependent on ERK (extracellular signal–regulated kinase) and AP1 (activator protein 1). Increased BMAL1 expression can enhance secretion of CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine 2) and RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor–κB ligand) in PDLCs, which subsequently promotes the recruitment of monocytes that differentiate into osteoclasts. The mechanistic delineation clarifies that AP1 induced by orthodontic force can directly interact with the BMAL1 promoter and activate gene transcription in PDLCs. Localized administration of the ERK phosphorylation inhibitor U0126 or the BMAL1 inhibitor GSK4112 suppressed ERK/AP1/BMAL1 signaling. These treatments dramatically reduced osteoclastic activity in the compression side of a rat orthodontic model, and the OTM rate was almost nonexistent. In summary, our results suggest that force-induced expression of BMAL1 in PDLCs is closely involved in controlling osteoclastic activities during OTM and plays a vital role in alveolar bone remodeling. It could be a useful therapeutic target for accelerating the OTM rate and controlling pathologic bone-remodeling activities.

scholarly journals Myeloid HIF1α Is Involved in the Extent of Orthodontically Induced Tooth Movement

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Christian Kirschneck ◽  
Nadine Straßmair ◽  
Fabian Cieplik ◽  
Eva Paddenberg ◽  
Jonathan Jantsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Periodontal Ligament ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Periodontal Bone Loss

During orthodontic tooth movement, transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is stabilised in the periodontal ligament. While HIF1α in periodontal ligament fibroblasts can be stabilised by mechanical compression, in macrophages pressure application alone is not sufficient to stabilise HIF1α. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of myeloid HIF1α during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement was performed in wildtype and Hif1αΔmyel mice lacking HIF1α expression in myeloid cells. Subsequently, µCT images were obtained to determine periodontal bone loss, extent of orthodontic tooth movement and bone density. RNA was isolated from the periodontal ligament of the control side and the orthodontically treated side, and the expression of genes involved in bone remodelling was investigated. The extent of tooth movement was increased in Hif1αΔmyel mice. This may be due to the lower bone density of the Hif1αΔmyel mice. Deletion of myeloid Hif1α was associated with increased expression of Ctsk and Acp5, while both Rankl and its decoy receptor Opg were increased. HIF1α from myeloid cells thus appears to play a regulatory role in orthodontic tooth movement.

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