scholarly journals Constraints on probability distributions of grammatical forms

Psihologija ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-35
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kostic ◽  
Milena Bozic
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Relative Entropy ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Singular Form ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Grammatical Number ◽  
Morphological System

In this study we investigate the constraints on probability distribution of grammatical forms within morphological paradigms of Serbian language, where paradigm is specified as a coherent set of elements with defined criteria for inclusion. Thus, for example, in Serbian all feminine nouns that end with the suffix "a" in their nominative singular form belong to the third declension, the declension being a paradigm. The notion of a paradigm could be extended to other criteria as well, hence, we can think of noun cases, irrespective of grammatical number and gender, or noun gender, irrespective of case and grammatical number, also as paradigms. We took the relative entropy as a measure of homogeneity of probability distribution within paradigms. The analysis was performed on 116 morphological paradigms of typical Serbian and for each paradigm the relative entropy has been calculated. The obtained results indicate that for most paradigms the relative entropy values fall within a range of 0.75 - 0.9. Nonhomogeneous distribution of relative entropy values allows for estimating the relative entropy of the morphological system as a whole. This value is 0.69 and can tentatively be taken as an index of stability of the morphological system.

Introduction to Information Theory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vidyasagar
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Relative Entropy ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Conditional Entropy ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Entropy Function ◽  
Concave Functions ◽  
Leibler Divergence

This chapter provides an introduction to some elementary aspects of information theory, including entropy in its various forms. Entropy refers to the level of uncertainty associated with a random variable (or more precisely, the probability distribution of the random variable). When there are two or more random variables, it is worthwhile to study the conditional entropy of one random variable with respect to another. The last concept is relative entropy, also known as the Kullback–Leibler divergence, which measures the “disparity” between two probability distributions. The chapter first considers convex and concave functions before discussing the properties of the entropy function, conditional entropy, uniqueness of the entropy function, and the Kullback–Leibler divergence.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Colm Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Identities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexual Part ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior

The introduction first sets out some preliminary definitions of sex, sexuality, and gender. It then turns from the sexual part of Sexual Identities to the identity part. A great deal of confusion results from failing to distinguish between identity in the sense of a category with which one identifies (categorial identity) and identity in the sense of a set of patterns that characterize one’s cognition, emotion, and behavior (practical identity). The second section gives a brief summary of this difference. The third and fourth sections sketch the relation of the book to social constructionism and queer theory, on the one hand, and evolutionary-cognitive approaches to sex, sexuality, and gender, on the other. The fifth section outlines the value of literature in not only illustrating, but advancing a research program in sex, sexuality, and gender identity. Finally, the introduction provides an overview of the chapters in this volume.

Attitudes toward Extrarelational Sex as a Function of Participant's and Third Party's Gender

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 965-968
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Qaqiesh ◽  
Pamela C. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Individual Male ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
And Gender

An experiment was conducted to examine whether attitudes toward extrarelational sex, i.e., “swinging,” differed as a function of participant's gender and gender of the third party, i.e., the “swinging” partner. Participants were asked to imagine that their current romantic partner had expressed an interest in “swinging” with another individual (male or female, randomly assigned). Analysis yielded several significant differences by participants' gender. Specifically, men expressed greater interest than did women in joining a swinger's club, reported a higher likelihood than did women of actually joining such a club, and believed more than women that their sex life with their partner would improve after joining a swinger's club. Participants also preferred a female more than a male swinging partner, although this comparison was not statistically significant.

WIGNER FUNCTION OF PULSED FIELDS RECONSTRUCTED BY DIRECT DETECTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 09 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
ALESSIA ALLEVI ◽  
MARIA BONDANI ◽  
ALESSANDRA ANDREONI
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Wigner Function ◽  
Beam Splitter ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Linear Regime ◽  
Wigner Functions ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Pulsed Fields

We present the experimental reconstruction of the Wigner function of some optical states. The method is based on direct intensity measurements by non-ideal photodetectors operated in the linear regime. The signal state is mixed at a beam-splitter with a set of coherent probes of known complex amplitudes and the probability distribution of the detected photons is measured. The Wigner function is given by a suitable sum of these probability distributions measured for different values of the probe. For comparison, the same data are analyzed to obtain the number distributions and the Wigner functions for photons.

Analysis of Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in the Damanganga Basin: Western India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Vitthal Anwat ◽  
Pramodkumar Hire ◽  
Uttam Pawar ◽  
Rajendra Gunjal
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Western India ◽  
Type I ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Anderson Darling

Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) method was introduced by Fuller in 1914 to understand the magnitude and frequency of floods. The present study is carried out using the two most widely accepted probability distributions for FFA in the world namely, Gumbel Extreme Value type I (GEVI) and Log Pearson type III (LP-III). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) methods were used to select the most suitable probability distribution at sites in the Damanganga Basin. Moreover, discharges were estimated for various return periods using GEVI and LP-III. The recurrence interval of the largest peak flood on record (Qmax) is 107 years (at Nanipalsan) and 146 years (at Ozarkhed) as per LP-III. Flood Frequency Curves (FFC) specifies that LP-III is the best-fitted probability distribution for FFA of the Damanganga Basin. Therefore, estimated discharges and return periods by LP-III probability distribution are more reliable and can be used for designing hydraulic structures.

“The Presence of Improper Females” Reforming Theater in Boston and Providence, 1820s–1840s

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-430
Author(s):  
Sara E. Lampert
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Moral Reform ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Gender

Abstract This article examples the class and gender politics of theater reform in Boston, MA and Providence, RI of the 1820s-1840s focused on the third tier and sex work or prostitution in theaters. Both regulatory campaigns and Christian or moral reform mobilized constructions of the prostitute as predator while encouraging new policing of working women.

Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanical Error in Universal Joints

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cagney ◽  
S. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Real World ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Universal Joint ◽  
Accuracy Requirement ◽  
Output Error ◽  
Manufacturing Errors ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Limiting Value

Abstract The modeling of manufacturing errors in mechanisms is a significant task to validate practical designs. The use of probability distributions for errors can simulate manufacturing variations and real world operations. This paper presents the mechanical error analysis of universal joint drivelines. Each error is simulated using a probability distribution, i.e., a design of the mechanism is created by assigning random values to the errors. Each design is then evaluated by comparing the output error with a limiting value and the reliability of the universal joint is estimated. For this, the design is considered a failure whenever the output error exceeds the specified limit. In addition, the problem of synthesis, which involves the allocation of tolerances (errors) for minimum manufacturing cost without violating a specified accuracy requirement of the output, is also considered. Three probability distributions — normal, Weibull and beta distributions — were used to simulate the random values of the errors. The similarity of the results given by the three distributions suggests that the use of normal distribution would be acceptable for modeling the tolerances in most cases.

The factors associated with the length of the third stage of labour: A descriptive-analytical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansoureh Refaei ◽  
Soodabeh Aghababaei ◽  
Mansoureh Yazdkhasti ◽  
Farideh Kazemi ◽  
Fatemeh Farahmandpour
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Several risk factors have been identified for postpartum hemorrhage, one of which being the duration of the third stage of labour. This stage refers to the interval between the expulsion of the fetus to the expulsion of the placenta. Some bleeding occurs in this stage due to the separation of the placenta Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors associated with the length of the third stage of labour. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 300 women hospitalized for vaginal birth were selected via convenience sampling. The study data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 26.41 (6.26) years. Investigation of the relationship between the study variables and the time of placental separation indicated that a minute increase in the length of membranes rupture caused a 0.003minute decrease in the time of placental separation. However, this time increased by 2.75, 6.68, and 2.86 minutes in the individuals without the history of abortion, those with the history of stillbirth, and those who had not received hyoscine, respectively. The results of multivariate analysis indicated that suffering from preeclampsia or hypertension, history of stillbirth, not receiving hyoscine, and not receiving misoprostol increased the length of the third stage by 4.40, 8.55, 2.38, and 6.04 minutes, respectively. Conclusion: Suffering from preeclampsia and having the history of stillbirth increased and using hyoscine and misoprostol decreased the length of the third stage of labour. However, no significant relationship was found between the length of the third stage of labour and mother’s age, gestational age, parity, mother’s body mass index, mother’s chronic disorders, history of manual placenta removal, length of the first and second stages, membranes rupture, induction, amount of oxytocin after delivery, and infant’s weight and gender.

Field-theoretic density estimation for biological sequence space with applications to 5′ splice site diversity and aneuploidy in cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2025782118
Author(s):  
Wei-Chia Chen ◽  
Juannan Zhou ◽  
Jason M. Sheltzer ◽  
Justin B. Kinney ◽  
David M. McCandlish
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Sequence Space ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Biological Sequence ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Site Diversity

Density estimation in sequence space is a fundamental problem in machine learning that is also of great importance in computational biology. Due to the discrete nature and large dimensionality of sequence space, how best to estimate such probability distributions from a sample of observed sequences remains unclear. One common strategy for addressing this problem is to estimate the probability distribution using maximum entropy (i.e., calculating point estimates for some set of correlations based on the observed sequences and predicting the probability distribution that is as uniform as possible while still matching these point estimates). Building on recent advances in Bayesian field-theoretic density estimation, we present a generalization of this maximum entropy approach that provides greater expressivity in regions of sequence space where data are plentiful while still maintaining a conservative maximum entropy character in regions of sequence space where data are sparse or absent. In particular, we define a family of priors for probability distributions over sequence space with a single hyperparameter that controls the expected magnitude of higher-order correlations. This family of priors then results in a corresponding one-dimensional family of maximum a posteriori estimates that interpolate smoothly between the maximum entropy estimate and the observed sample frequencies. To demonstrate the power of this method, we use it to explore the high-dimensional geometry of the distribution of 5′ splice sites found in the human genome and to understand patterns of chromosomal abnormalities across human cancers.

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