scholarly journals Diachronic changes in word probability distributions in daily press

Psihologija ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Jelena Stankovic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily News ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The One ◽  
Diachronic Changes

Changes in probability distributions of individual words and word types were investigated within two samples of daily press in the span of fifty years. Two samples of daily press were used in this study. The one derived from the Corpus of Serbian Language (CSL) /Kostic, Dj., 2001/ that covers period between 1945. and 1957. and the other derived from the Ebart Media Documentation (EBR) that was complied from seven daily news and five weekly magazines from 2002. and 2003. Each sample consisted of about 1 million words. The obtained results indicate that nouns and adjectives were more frequent in the CSL, while verbs and prepositions are more frequent in the EBR sample, suggesting a decrease of sentence length in the last five decades. Conspicuous changes in probability distribution of individual words were observed for nouns and adjectives, while minimal or no changes were observed for verbs and prepositions. Such an outcome suggests that nouns and adjectives are most susceptible to diachronic changes, while verbs and prepositions appear to be resistant to such changes.

On the wind resource in Algeria: Probability distributions evaluation

2020 ◽  
pp. 095765092097588
Author(s):  
Houdayfa Ounis ◽  
Nawel Aries
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Resource Assessment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wind Resource

The present study aims to present a contribution to the wind resource assessment in Algeria using ERA-Interim reanalysis. Firstly, the ERA-Interim reanalysis 10 m wind speed data are considered for the elaboration of the mean annual 10 m wind speed map for a period starting from 01-01-2000 to 31-12-2017. Moreover, the present study intends to highlight the importance of the descriptive statistics other than the mean in wind resource assessment. On the other hand, this study aims also to select the proper probability distribution for the wind resource assessment in Algeria. Therefore, nine probability distributions were considered, namely: Weibull, Gamma, Inverse Gaussian, Log Normal, Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Nakagami, Generalized Logistic and Pearson III. Furthermore, in combination with the distribution, three parameter estimation methods were considered, namely, Method of Moment, Maximum Likelihood Method and L-Moment Method. The study showed that Algeria has several wind behaviours due to the diversified topographic, geographic and climatic properties. Moreover, the annual mean 10 m wind speed map showed that the wind speed varies from 2.3 to 5.3 m/s, where 73% of the wind speeds are above 3 m/s. The map also showed that the Algerian Sahara is windiest region, while, the northern fringe envelopes the lowest wind speeds. In addition, it has been shown that the study of the mean wind speeds for the evaluation of the wind potential alone is not enough, and other descriptive statistics must be considered. On the other hand, among the nine considered distribution, it appears that the GEV is the most appropriate probability distribution. Whereas, the Weibull distribution showed its performance only in regions with high wind speeds, which, implies that this probability distribution should not be generalized in the study of the wind speed in Algeria.

scholarly journals Optimization results for a generalized coupon collector problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 622-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Anceaume ◽  
Yann Busnel ◽  
Ernst Schulte-Geers ◽  
Bruno Sericola
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Closed Subset ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Coupon Collector ◽  
The One

Abstract In this paper we study a generalized coupon collector problem, which consists of analyzing the time needed to collect a given number of distinct coupons that are drawn from a set of coupons with an arbitrary probability distribution. We suppose that a special coupon called the null coupon can be drawn but never belongs to any collection. In this context, we prove that the almost uniform distribution, for which all the nonnull coupons have the same drawing probability, is the distribution which stochastically minimizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons. Moreover, we show that in a given closed subset of probability distributions, the distribution with all its entries, but one, equal to the smallest possible value is the one which stochastically maximizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons.

5 Judgments and Efficacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nussberger Angelika
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Daily News ◽  
European Court ◽  
General Rules ◽  
The One

This chapter evaluates the efficacy of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). On the one hand, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) system has had an amazing success in building up a constitutional order in Europe defining common values. Significant changes in the laws of all Member States were made; individual human rights violations were effectively remedied. On the other hand, Europe is far from being a human rights paradise. Even an average observer of daily news cannot avoid having the impression that in some States even the most basic human rights are not effectively guaranteed and that some so-called ‘democracies’ hide their disdain for individual rights behind lip services and promises to abide by the Convention, but in reality use membership in the Council of Europe only as a tool in foreign relations. The chapter then identifies the roles played by the Committee of Ministers, NGOs, and the Court in executing judgments on human rights violations. Article 46 para 1 ECHR obliges the parties to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties. In line with the general rules of State responsibility, the Court interprets the obligations arising out of Convention violations as threefold: ‘to cease the breach, to make reparation for it and ensure non-repetition of similar violations in the future’.

WHY IRREVERSIBILITY? THE FORMULATION OF CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR NONINTEGRABLE SYSTEMS

1995 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
ILYA PRIGOGINE
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum Dynamics ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Classical Trajectory ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Density Matrices ◽  
The One ◽  
Classical And Quantum Mechanics

Nonintegrable Poincaré systems with continuous spectrum (so-called Large Poincaré Systems, LPS) lead to the appearance of diffusive terms in the framework of dynamics. These terms break time symmetry. They lead, therefore, to limitations to classical trajectory dynamics and of wave functions. These diffusive terms correspond to well-defined classes of dynamical processes (i.e., so-called “vacuum-vacuum” transitions). The diffusive effects are amplified in situations corresponding to persistent interactions. As a result, we have to include already in the fundamental dynamical description the two aspects, probability and irreversibility, which are so conspicuous on the macroscopic level. We have to formulate both classical and quantum mechanics on the Liouville level of probability distributions (or density matrices). For integrable systems, we recover the usual formulations of classical or quantum mechanics. Instead of being irreducible concepts, which cannot be further analyzed, trajectories and wave functions appear as special solutions of the Liouville-von Neumann equations. This extension of classical and quantum dynamics permits us to unify the two concepts of nature we inherited from the 19th century, based on the one hand on dynamical time-reversible laws and on the other on an evolutionary view associated to entropy. It leads also to a unified formulation of quantum theory avoiding the conventional dual structure based on Schrödinger’s equation on the one hand, and on the “collapse” of the wave function on the other. A dynamical interpretation is given to processes such as decoherence or approach to equilibrium without any appeal to extra dynamic considerations (such as the many-world theory, coarse graining or averaging over the environment). There is a striking parallelism between classical and quantum theory. For LPS we have, in general, both a “collapse” of trajectories and of wave functions for LPS. In both cases, we need a generalized formulation of dynamics in terms of probability distributions or density matrices. Since the beginning of this century, we know that classical mechanics had to be generalized to take into account the existence of universal constants. We now see that classical as well as quantum mechanics also have to be extended to include unstable dynamical systems such as LPS. As a result, we achieve a new formulation of "laws of physics" dealing no more with certitudes but with probabilities. The formulation is appropriate to describe an open, evolving universe.

Diachronic extension of Linguistic Inventory Mightiness

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Action Verb ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Conceptual Organization ◽  
Static Action ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Principles ◽  
The One ◽  
Diachronic Changes

It is widely believed that the order of morphosyntactic elements in Modern Chinese is to a large extent constrained by the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS) proposed by Tai (1985, 2002, 2007). However, there are indeed some constructions in this language apparently deviating from PTS, e.g. 蹲到 dūn-dào ‘squat-to; go to squat’, with the two elements reverse-chronological. In the present paper I provide instead a new diachronic perspective, in the framework of Linguistic Inventory Mightiness (LIM) developed recently by Liu (2011, 2012), to account for constructions of this kind. I argue that it is the diachronic extension of the directional resultative-verb-compound (DRVC) pattern, since it shows the property of LIM that motivates the emergence of reverse-chronological constructions. It is argued that the LIM approach can also explain other related diachronic changes in the history of Chinese, e.g. 摸进 mō-jìn ‘touch-enter; enter accompanied by action of touching’, with the first verb being an static action verb originally but now having a manner-of-motion meaning in the construction, as well as the constructions of 回到 huí-dào ‘return-to’ and 进来 jìn-lái ‘enter-come’ which do not exist before Pre-Modern Chinese but emerge to be in use thereafter. The approach proposed in the present paper favors a two-fold standpoint, i.e. the organization of linguistic structure on the one hand follows cognitive principles, but on the other impact and constrain related conceptual organization in discourse as well.

scholarly journals Recursive causal models

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Kiiveri ◽  
T. P. Speed ◽  
J. B. Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Conditional Independence ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Causal Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Graph ◽  
The One ◽  
Log Linear

AbstractThe notion of a recursive causal graph is introduced, hopefully capturing the essential aspects of the path diagrams usually associated with recursive causal models. We describe the conditional independence constraints which such graphs are meant to embody and prove a theorem relating the fulfilment of these constraints by a probability distribution to a particular sort of factorisation. The relation of our results to the usual linear structural equations on the one hand, and to log-linear models, on the other, is also explained

Forschungsinfrastruktur und Organisationsform von Universitätsinstituten / Infrastructure of Research and the Organization of University Institutes

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Geser
Keyword(s):  
University Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The One ◽  
Technical Services

AbstractTwo samples of university research institutes are analysed in order to study relationships between the amount of research infrastructure (in terms of machinery and technical services) on the one hand, and the characteristics of social organization and contextual relationships on the other.In the Swiss sample, especially the variable “technical services” shows positive correlations with bureaucratization of social structure, elimination of educational functions and - especially when the institute is small - with a general tendency for contextual isolation.On the other hand, Canadian institutes seem to preserve a decentralized, “professional” organization regardless of their amount of material or social infrastructure.

DYNAMIC ONLINE AND OFFLINE CHANNEL PRICING FOR HETEROGENEOUS CUSTOMERS IN VIRTUAL ACCEPTANCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILA E. FRUCHTER ◽  
CHARLES S. TAPIERO
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Product Value ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Temporal Model ◽  
Markup Pricing ◽  
Online Channel ◽  
The One

We consider a manufacturer's dual distributions channels consisting on the one hand of a virtual (online) channel operated directly by a manufacturer and on the other hand of a real (offline) channel operated by an intermediate retailer. Customers are assumed heterogeneous in their virtual acceptance, deriving a surplus according to the channel they shop at. Assuming that customers' derived benefits are random with a known probability distribution, we obtain a probabilistic model, which is used to construct an inter-temporal model for shopping online. In addition, we suppose that the retailer uses a markup pricing strategy and has a strategic role. This results in a Stackleberg differential game where the manufacturer is leader and the retailer is a follower. The optimal policy shows that the manufacturer charges the same price across both channels. This finding is consistent with classical results in economics. However, our research goes beyond this observation and indicates that the online price, the retailer's markup and the probability to buy are affected by consumers' heterogeneity in a specific manner. Moreover, we show that while the retailer sets a price equal to the product value, the online price is lower and is equal to the product value less the guarantee provided by the manufacturer for the risk the customer take to buy online. This guarantee is not discriminating and is set to the risk of the customer with the lowest virtual acceptance. Finally, we show that the introduction of the online store is a win-win strategy; both the customers and the manufacturer are better off.

scholarly journals Uso de Distribuições de Probabilidades para Ajuste aos Dados de Precipitação Mensal do Estado de Sergipe (Use of Probability Distributions for Adjustment to Monthly...)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 071
Author(s):  
Wellington Jorge Cavalcanti Lundgren ◽  
Inajá Francisco de Souza ◽  
Antenor De Oliveira Aguiar Neto
Keyword(s):  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Monthly Rainfall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weibull Distributions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
The One ◽  
Rainfall Statistics

As precipitações pluviométricas mensais coletadas por 72 estações meteorológicas espalhadas por todo o Estado de Sergipe entre os anos de 1912 até 2012 foram utilizadas na construção de histogramas para cada um dos doze meses do ano. Seis distribuições de probabilidades: Normal, Exponencial, Lognormal, Beta, Gama e Weibull foram testadas para ajuste com os dados observados usando o teste de aderência qui-quadrado. Não foi possível ajuste de nenhuma distribuição para os meses de fevereiro, maio, junho, agosto, setembro e outubro. Das seis distribuições testadas, apenas Beta, Gama e Weibull se ajustaram juntas ou em separado a alguns dos outros seis meses. A distribuição Beta foi a que obteve mais adaptabilidade aos dados observados ajustando-se a quatro dos seis meses, as distribuições Gama e Weibull só conseguiram ajuste a três e dois dos seis meses cada uma respectivamente. Chegamos à conclusão de que as chuvas mensais para todo o estado de Sergipe, não puderam ser ajustadas para todos os meses pelas distribuições de probabilidades testadas.    A B S T R A C T The monthly rainfall collected by 72 weather stations scattered throughout the Sergipe State between the years 1912 through 2012 were used in the construction of histograms for each of the twelve months of the year. Six probability distributions: Normal, Exponential, Lognormal, Beta, Gamma and Weibull were tested for fit to the observed data using the chi-square test of grip. Unable to fit any distribution for the months of February, May, June, August, September and October. Only Beta, Gamma and Weibull distributions was adjusted together or separately some of the other six months. The Beta distribution is the one with more adaptability to the observed data adjusting to four of the six months, Gamma and Weibull distributions were only able to fit three and two of six months each respectively. It is concluded that monthly rainfall for the entire Sergipe state, could not be adjusted for each month by probability distributions tested. Keywords: rainfall, statistics, modeling.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of the ventilometric parameters of two football teams in different leagues

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Gabriel Arnăutu ◽  
Remus Datcu
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Preparation Phase ◽  
The One ◽  
Normal Potential

AbstractIntroduction: Spirometry testing is a physiological test measuring lung volume and flows. Compared to the other components of the respiratory system, training does not result into significant improvements as for the increase of the expiratory flow. The assessment of the respiratory function may indicate certain disorders of the bronchi and of the lungs, but, on the other hand, it offers little information on the aerobic capacity of the individuals or the effects of physical exercises.Aim: The purpose of this research was to study the respiratory volumes in two football teams that are part of two different leagues (2nd league, and 5th league, respectively), and to compare these results with the ones at the international level.Materials and methods: We included in this research two football teams in two different leagues (2nd league, and 5th league, respectively) and, from each team, we chose the players with the highest number of minutes spent playing throughout the championship return phase. In order to perform spirometry, we used a portable spirometer (Spirotube Spirometer, PC Spirometer). The prediction method used by the spirometer software was the one presented by the European Respiratory Society and Kudson.Results: By comparing the environments of the two groups we can see that, in terms of height and weight, the two samples present close values. According to the results recorded with the help of the spirometer, the value of the forced vital capacity (FVC = 4.50) represents 98% of the normal level, and the Expiratory volume per second FEV1 (FEV1 = 4.50) represents 97% of the normal level. Within the ASU group, the value of the forced vital capacity (FVC = 5.19) represents 95% of the normal level, and the Expiratory volume per second (FEV1 = 4.45) represents 95% of the normal level. As we can see, neither of the groups reaches the normal potential. However, the CS UVT group reaches a higher percentage than the other, although they play their matches in a lower league.Conclusions: Considering that we could not compare the types of training that the two teams had during the preparation phase, we cannot say whether such trainings had a certain effect on the subjects. Further research should be carried out in order to determine if the type of training had a beneficial effect in the case of the CS UVT group.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document