scholarly journals PTSD and depression after the NATO air campaign: Individual differences in stress reactions

Psihologija ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Marija Zotovic
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Depression Level ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

The research was conducted to provide answers to two research questions: (1) what is the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents; and (2) which variables correlate with PTSD and depression level, in a way that they present risk factors for development of symptoms. Research was conducted fourteen months after the end of the bombing, on the sample of 629 children and adolescents from Vojvodina. It was registered that significant extent of PTSD symptoms exists in almost 60% of children and adolescents exposed to the bombing (59.6%). For the prediction of PTSD level, a tendency for using specific coping strategies appeared especially important. The best predictors of depression level were personality characteristics, which form a pattern known as negative affectivity.

Cognitive Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions and their Treatment in Children and Adolescents: An Empirical Review and Some Recommendations

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Dalgleish ◽  
Richard Meiser-Stedman ◽  
Patrick Smith
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour

This paper reviews empirical research on cognitive factors associated with the experience of trauma and with the development of posttraumatic stress, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The review covers three main areas: cognitive experimental and neuropsychological studies; large scale studies on representative samples; and, randomized clinical trial data examining cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions. Overall, the conclusions are that progress in all three areas lags far behind that in adult work and that, perhaps, the studies to date raise more questions than they provide answers provided by the studies to date. The paper concludes with detailed empirical recommendations for future research in the three chosen domains.

Acute Stress Reactions to Recent Life Events among Women and Men Living with Hiv/Aids

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Koopman ◽  
Cheryl Gore-Felton ◽  
Negar Azimi ◽  
Kristen O'shea ◽  
Eric Ashton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of acute stress reactions to recent life events among persons living with HIV/AIDS. A second aim was to investigate the relationship of acute stress reactions among HIV-infected men and women to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to previous traumatic life events. Method: Participants included 64 HIV-seropositive persons (33 men and 31 women) drawn from a larger study examining the effects of group therapy on quality of life and health behavior. These individuals were assessed at baseline on demographic and medical status characteristics and (PTSD) symptoms and then randomly assigned to either receive group therapy plus education or education alone. Three months later they were assessed for acute stress reactions to recent life events. Results: Nearly a third (31.3 percent) of the participants reported levels of acute stress reactions to recent life events that met all symptom criteria for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder. However, only 9.4 percent of the respondents described a recent stressful life event that was threatening to the life or physical integrity of themselves or others. Acute stress reactions to recent life events were significantly and positively related to experiencing PTSD symptoms to prior traumatic life events. Acute stress did not differ significantly by gender, AIDS status, or whether or not participants had received 12 weeks of group therapy. Conclusions: A subset of individuals with HIV/AIDS experience high levels of acute stress reactivity to life events considered non-traumatic. HIV-infected individuals who react strongly to ongoing life stressors are more likely to have developed PTSD symptoms in response to previous traumatic life events.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing for Children and Adolescents With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Barron ◽  
Caitlin Bourgaize ◽  
Daniela Lempertz ◽  
Colleen Swinden ◽  
Susan Darker-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Meta Analyses

There is currently a limited number of studies into the efficacy of eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy with children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study utilizes a systematic narrative review of methodologies and findings of previous literature reviews and meta-analyses as well as analyzing randomized control trials (RCTs) conducted from 2002 to 2018. Following initial scoping of the extent of studies, two systematic literature searches were conducted, firstly for literature reviews and secondly for recent RCTs. Nine databases were utilized. Eight reviews and seven RCTs were identified and analyzed for quality of methodology and outcome as measured by impact on PTSD symptoms. EMDR was found to be efficacious in reducing children's PTSD symptoms compared to waitlist conditions, with similar outcomes to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). EMDR was effective with both single-event trauma as well as cumulative trauma such as sexual abuse. EMDR was equally effective with girls and boys as well as children from different cultures. EMDR achieved medium to large effect sizes. Reductions in PTSD were maintained at 2-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. In conclusion, EMDR was consistently found to be an efficacious treatment for children with PTSD. Recommendations are made for future practice and research.

Predicting University Students’ Depression and Anxiety Level by Their Personality Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Res. Asst Neşe Aral ◽  
Prof. Dr. Nuran Bayram ◽  
Res. Asst.Mine Aydemir
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Depression Level ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

The current study investigated the relationships among depression, anxiety and personality factors in university students (N = 462), who completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety and personality characteristics consistent (extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness and negative valence). Analyses indicated that approximately 23 % of the variance in University Students’ depression level was accounted for by their levels of the personality factors. 36 % of the variance in University Students’ anxiety level was accounted for by their levels of the personality factors. Extroversion emerged as the strongest predictor. Openness and neuroticism were also significant and unique predictors of depression. On the other hand, neuroticism emerged as the strongest predictor. Openness, agreeableness and extroversion were also significant and unique predictors of anxiety.

Developmental Considerations in the Use of Cognitive Therapy for Posttraumtic Stress Disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Vernberg ◽  
Craig Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Information Giving ◽  
Conceptual Skills ◽  
Developmental Features

This article discusses empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy with children and adolescents experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Developmental features influencing the presentation of PTSD symptoms include age-related differences in arousal modulation, cause and effect reasoning, language and conceptual skills, and social information processing. Basic cognitive behavioral procedures for treating PTSD in children and adolescents include coping skills training, exposure to traumarelated stimuli, cognitive restructuring, and education and information giving. These procedures must be adapted to match developmental capabilities in language and conceptual skills, emotion regulation and coping skills, and memory. Family, contextual influences, and comorbidity should be evaluated and included in treatment planning. When indicated, treatment of PTSD should be imbedded in a broader conceptualization of the child or adolescent’s adaptive functioning, comorbid conditions, and caretaking environment.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE, STRUCTURE AND PREDICTORS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SYMPTOMS IN CROATIAN PATIENTS FOLLOWING BREAST CANCER

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra ◽  
Mara Šimunović ◽  
Damir Ljubotina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Partial Mastectomy ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in female population worldwide. In the psychological response to the disease some patients may develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and structure of PTSD symptoms in Croatian patients following breast cancer and to identify some medical and psychological predictors of severity of these symptoms.Subjects and methods: 97 women, who were one month up to six years post-completion of all primary cancer therapy,participated in the study. The present research is cross-sectional with a mixed method approach. For the screening of PTSD symptoms PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (Weathers et al. 1991) was used, with two open-ended questions added.Results: Using the cutoff method, 21.6 % participants met criteria for PTSD diagnosis. Qualitative analysis indicated future-oriented intrusive thoughts about reoccurrence of cancer, multidimensional nature of cancer as stressors, and hyperarousal symptoms related to internal stimuli. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, identified predictors accounted for 35.2% of variability in PCL-C score.PTSD severity was predicted by stressfulness appraisal of the disease (β=0.45; p<0.001), external health locus of control (β=0.17; p<0.05) and self-appraisal of coping with cancer (β=-0.17; p<0.05). Participants who underwent radical mastectomy (M=44.41, SD=15.5) showed higher levels of PTSD than participants who had partial mastectomy (M=33.47, SD=13.68).Conclusion: Prevalence of PTSD symptoms obtained in this study should be considered as significant, taking into account the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the general female population. Psychological assessment of women following breast cancer should more often include an assessment of posttraumatic stress reactions. Furthermore, results are in the line with issues of utilizing basic concept of PTSD in the oncology setting, and possible need of reconceptualization of cancer-related PTSD.

Assessment of Psychophysiological Stress Reactions During a Traumatic Reminder in Patients Treated With EMDR

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Sack ◽  
Wolfgang Lempa ◽  
Friedhelm Lamprecht
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Psychophysiological Assessment ◽  
Psychophysiological Stress ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parasympathetic Tone

This study investigates changes of stress-related psychophysiological reactions after treatment with EMDR. Sixteen patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following type I trauma underwent psychometric and psychophysiological assessment during exposure to script-driven imagery before and after EMDR and at 6-month follow-up. Psychophysiological assessment included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during a neutral task and during trauma script listening. PTSD symptoms as assessed by questionnaire decreased significantly after treatment and during follow-up in comparison to pretreatment. After EMDR, stress-related HR reactions during trauma script were significantly reduced, while HRV indicating parasympathetic tone increased both during neutral script and during trauma script. These results were maintained during the follow-up assessment. Successful EMDR treatment may be associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactions and heightened parasympathetic tone.

Learning and Consolidation of Verbal Declarative Memory in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2010 ◽  
Vol 218 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slawomira J. Diener ◽  
Herta Flor ◽  
Michèle Wessa
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms

Impairments in declarative memory have been reported in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fragmentation of explicit trauma-related memory has been assumed to impede the formation of a coherent memorization of the traumatic event and the integration into autobiographic memory. Together with a strong non-declarative memory that connects trauma reminders with a fear response the impairment in declarative memory is thought to be involved in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms. Fourteen PTSD patients, 14 traumatized subjects without PTSD, and 13 non-traumatized healthy controls (HC) were tested with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) to assess verbal declarative memory. PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and depression with the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Several indices of the CVLT pointed to an impairment in declarative memory performance in PTSD, but not in traumatized persons without PTSD or HC. No group differences were observed if recall of memory after a time delay was set in relation to initial learning performance. In the PTSD group verbal memory performance correlated significantly with hyperarousal symptoms, after concentration difficulties were accounted for. The present study confirmed previous reports of declarative verbal memory deficits in PTSD. Extending previous results, we propose that learning rather than memory consolidation is impaired in PTSD patients. Furthermore, arousal symptoms may interfere with successful memory formation in PTSD.

Social Support, Emotional Intelligence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Hofman ◽  
Austin M. Hahn ◽  
Christine K. Tirabassi ◽  
Raluca M. Gaher
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Exposure to traumatic events and the associated risk of developing Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is a significant and overlooked concern in the college population. It is important for current research to identify potential protective factors associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms unique to this population. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support are two identified protective factors that influence the association between exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptomology. The current study examined the mediating role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. Participants included 443 trauma-exposed university students who completed online questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that social support mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and reported PTSD symptoms. Thus, emotional intelligence is significantly associated with PTSD symptoms and social support may play an integral role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD. The current study is the first to investigate the role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. These findings have important treatment and prevention implications with regard to PTSD.

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