scholarly journals Stylistic directions in Stevan Hristic’s oratorio Vaskrsenje, Resurrection: The question of crossroads-traditions in Serbian music at the beginning of the twentieth century

Muzikologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Tomasevic
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
World War ◽  
National Theatre ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Characteristic ◽  
National Music

Vaskrsenje (Resurrection) which was composed by Stevan Hristic (libretto Dragutin Ilic) was a first oratorio in Serbian music. The libretto was published in a journal Odjek (Echo) in 1909, with the first performance in 1912 at the Belgrade National Theatre. During the period 1909-1912, the young composer studied church music in Moscow and Rome. He studied with Dom Lorenzo Perosi in Rome, who was a director of the Sistine Chapel at the time, and a leading composer of church music. Perosi also composed two oratorios with the Resurrection as a subject-matter. His stay in Rome, as well as the encounter with the contemporary Italian style of church music left a strong impression on Hristic and his later opus. The oratorio Resurrection is freely permeated with both romantic and impressionist elements, hence the impression of the typically Western fin-de-si?cle style. Compared to Serbian performances until that time, Hristic?s work represented a complete novelty in its style and genre; it was considered as one of the first works of Serbian musical Modernism. Despite the audience?s positive reception, the oratorio was faced with a highly negative criticism of Jovan Zorko and Miloje Milojevic. Both of them criticized Hristic for not having composed the work in the spirit of "national music". Hristic defended his poetics claiming that the idea of composing a national music did not comprise the use of folk melodies, but rather composing according to the highest professional and aesthetic criteria. A debate which was anticipated concerning the meaning and the importance of "national" poetics arose as a reaction to Resurrection. This debate remained important in two ways: 1) it remained a "typical" debate for the dynamic development of Serbian music following the World War I and 2) it became the central characteristic of the overall artistic development in Serbia during the interwar period, which was "coming close" and eventually became the part of Europe.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

Englishness, Empire and Nostalgia: A Heterodox Religious Community's Appeal in the Inter-War Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 374-392
Author(s):  
Jane Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Belief Networks ◽  
Healing Ministry ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
The Rich

This article looks at the ways in which the Panacea Society – a heterodox, millenarian group based in Bedford during the inter-war years – spread its ideas: through personal, familial and shared belief networks across the British empire; by building new modes of attracting adherents, in particular a global healing ministry; and by shipping its publications widely. It then examines how the society appealed to its (white) members in the empire in three ways: through its theology, which put Britain at the centre of the world; by presuming the necessity and existence of a ‘Greater Britain’ and the British empire, while in so many other quarters these entities were being questioned in the wake of World War I; and by a deliberately cultivated and nostalgic notion of ‘Englishness’. The Panacea Society continued and developed the idea of the British empire as providential at a time when the idea no longer held currency in most circles. The article draws on the rich resource of letters in the Panacea Society archive to contribute to an emerging area of scholarship on migrants’ experience in the early twentieth-century British empire (especially the dominions) and their sense of identity, in this case both religious and British.

scholarly journals The Monetary Crisis and Foundation for Reserve Bank of India (1890-1935)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaji
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Stabilization Policy ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Reserve Bank Of India

The monetary policy of British India was highly controversial during the interwar period as it aimed to protect the budgetary obligations and private commerce. The currency stabilization policy was seen as a tool to protect the British economic interest while they ruled India. The currency came under serious pressure during the World War I and Great depression, the facets of Indian currency’s dependence was exposed through the modified council bill system and Gold exchange standard. The much-needed currency reforms and banking system were conceded by the colonial administration after much wrangling for half a century.

The Unraveling

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David Bosco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
World War ◽  
Labor Regulations ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The World

The world wars of the 20th century saw the collapse of pre-war rules designed to protect merchant shipping from interference. In both wars, combatants engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare and imposed vast ocean exclusion zones, leading to unprecedented interference with ocean commerce. After World War I, the United States began to supplant Britain as the leading naval power, and it feuded with Britain over maritime rights. Other developments in the interwar period included significant state-sponsored ocean research, including activity by Germany in the Atlantic and the Soviets in the Arctic. Maritime commerce was buffeted by the shocks of the world wars. Eager to trim costs, US shipping companies experimented with “flags of convenience” to avoid new national safety and labor regulations. The question of the breadth of the territorial sea remained unresolved, as governments bickered about the appropriate outer limit of sovereign control.

The Russo-Japanese War and the German Wars for Hegemony, 1890–1939

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale C. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Global War ◽  
First World

This chapter explores the origins of three of the four most important wars of the first half of the twentieth century: the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5, World War I, and World War II in Europe. These three wars had more than just a chronological connection to one another. The Russo-Japanese War helped solidify the diplomatic and economic alignments of the great powers in the decade before 1914, while the disaster of the First World War clearly set the stage for the rise of Nazism and the outbreak of yet another global war a generation later. This chapter focuses on providing a fairly comprehensive account of the causes of the Russo-Japanese War, confining the discussion of the world wars to the economic determinants of those conflicts.

Project Context Rediscovery and Exploration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Yale University ◽  
World War ◽  
French Academy ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
The Military ◽  
Small Team

The ruined city known locally as Salhiyeh was virtually unknown to western scholarship until the twentieth century (Sarre and Herzfeld 1920, 386–95; Kaizer 2017, 64), but its ancient identity remained unknown until the aftermath of the World War I when collapse of the Ottoman empire saw Britain and France divide up much of the Middle East between them (Velud 1988; Barr 2011). As we saw, during operations against Arabs resisting the new western occupation, British-commanded Indian troops bivouacking at the site dug defensive positions and accidentally revealed wall paintings. These were seen and published by visiting American archaeologist James Henry Breasted (Breasted 1922; 1924), who first identified the ruins as those of the historically attested but unlocated ‘Dura . . . called Europos by the Greeks’ (Isidore of Charax, Parthian Stations, 1). The site thereafter fell inside the newly imposed borders of French-controlled Syria (Velud 1988). More substantial excavations were conducted and published with exemplary speed by Franz Cumont in 1922–3 (Cumont 1926), paving the way for the great Yale University/French Academy expedition overseen by Mikhail Rostovtzeff. This ran over ten seasons: (Dates from the Preliminary Reports, and Hopkins 1979, xxii–xxiv, except ninth and tenth seasons from information in Yale archives provided by Megan Doyon and Richard A. Grossmann.) With a Roman military presence attested from the outset, further traces were encountered throughout the city’s exploration, with the heart of the military base area being identified and excavated in the fifth season, and the great ‘Palace of the dux ripae’ in the ninth. While masterminded by Rostovtzeff, and more nominally Cumont, these giants actually only briefly visited the excavations on a couple of occasions. The dig was conducted under a series of field directors: Maurice Pillet, Clark Hopkins, and finally Frank Brown. These led a small team of American and European architects, artists, and archaeologists, mostly male (although women occupied prominent places on the team, including Yale graduate student Margaret Crosby and most notably Hopkins’s wife Susan); they were mostly young and inexperienced (including Hopkins and Brown).

Interview with Richard Overy

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (900) ◽  
pp. 969-983
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Total War ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

Richard Overy is Professor of History at the University of Exeter and the author of more than twenty-five books on the age of the World Wars and European dictatorship, including The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945. He is a Fellow of the British Academy.Airpower has been used in armed conflicts since World War I. Aircraft have been deployed in support of the army on the ground and the navy on the surface. However, the twentieth century, with two World Wars, has also seen aerial bombardment of cities that fell outside the traditional use of airpower. During World War II, as part of the ideology of “total war”, cities were deliberately selected as targets of such attacks with the purpose of undermining the morale of the enemy's population and “winning the war”. Nowadays, although the deliberate bombing of entire cities is prohibited, it is still believed that aerial bombardment can produce certain political dividends for belligerents. In this interview, Richard Overy provides a historical perspective on the evolution of aerial bombardment since the World Wars, and puts in context the use of airpower in contemporary armed conflicts.

scholarly journals Interwar Japan, Institutional Change, and the Choice of Austerity

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractIn interwar Japan the gold standard became conflated with austerity but, historically, there had been no such connection in Japan. Nineteenth and twentieth century British rhetoric made the gold standard an adjunct of deflation, but that was a British fixation, not Japanese. In addition to being highly political, this late-nineteenth century understanding and use of the gold standard was based on, and promoted, expansionary monetary policy and long-term development. In the interwar period this changed. Japanese governments chose austerity under the guise of complying with international rules and standards and turned the expansionary gold standard of the pre-World War I years into a deflationary system of austerity, depression, and, ultimately, nationalist reaction.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Colesworthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Way

The introduction establishes a broad historical context for the project, demonstrating the centrality of ideas about gift-giving to a number of fields and discourses following World War I. Within this context, Marcel Mauss’s classic 1925 essay, The Gift, is not unique in its topic but rather in capturing and articulating a sense shared by a wide range of thinkers and authors in the interwar period that a traditional ideological separation of gifts and exchanges was beginning to break down. The book’s focus on the way women writers in particular responded to and worked to represent this crisis is also explained. Notably, modernist writing by men—Baudelaire, Eliot, Pound—has already been central to gift theory. Shifting attention to writing by women, who have historically been treated in theory and in practice as the “supreme gift,” opens up an alternative twentieth-century genealogy of theorizing the gift.

Ukraine and Ukrainians in the Post-Imperial Era (1917-1939)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadyi YEFIMENKO ◽  
◽  
Stanislav KULCHYTSKY ◽  
Ruslan PYRIH ◽  
Vitaliyi SKALSKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
State Building ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Audience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The key problems of nation- and state-building are revealed in the concept of the chronotope of the Ukrainian “long twentieth century,” which is a hybrid projection of the long XIX century." An essential feature of this stage in the history of Ukraine and Ukrainians is the realization of the intentions of socioeconomic, ethnocultural and political emancipation: the end of the Ukrainian revolution, which began in the context of World War I and the destruction of the colonial system. The phenomenon of the Ukrainian revolution, the causes and circumstances of the victory of communist Bolshevism, the tragedy of the largest divided nation in Eastern Europe in the era of the formation and strengthening of totalitarianism are the key themes of the book. The interwar period is considered as a time of cultivation and critical aggravation of internal problems of the Ukrainian nation under the influence of assimilation and repressive practices of controversial state organisms. For a wide audience.

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