scholarly journals Changes and variations of body weight as risk factors for coronary heart disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 274-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Jovanovic ◽  
Branko Jakovljevic ◽  
Katarina Paunovic ◽  
Dusan Grubor ◽  
Aleksandar Milovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Weight Changes

Introduction Weight variations are a common phenomenon. Therefore, concern has been raised about the association between weight changes and weight variations and coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of weight change and weight variations as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Materials and methods The investigation was conducted as an observational cross-sectional study, including 102 participants of both genders: 61 patients with CHD and 41 healthy controls. All participants underwent anthropometric measurements and completed a questionnaire that included 1) weight changes in adulthood (maximum and minimum weight), 2) presence and number of weight variations in the 10 years prior to the onset of disease and 3) the size of weight change (weight gain or weight loss in kg). One weight variation was defined as weight loss followed by weight gain for more than 10% of body weight, or about 7 kg. Multivariant logistic regression was used for the estimation of significant predictors for the occurrence of coronary heart disease. Results Participants with CHD had higher values of body weight in adulthood compared to healthy controls, larger number of weight variations in the last 10 years, and more frequently reported weight gain and weight loss for more than 10 kg. The highest risk for the occurrence of coronary heart disease was observed for participants who had more than 3 weight variations for 10% (OR=2.13; 95%CI=0.98-5.48), those with weight loss over 10 kg (OR=2.16; 95%CI=1.71-2.72) and those with weight gain over 10 kg (OR=2.71; 95%CI=1.08-6.83), regardless of gender, age, smoking, body mass index and blood pressure. Discussion Several mechanisms are suggested to explain the relationship between weight changes and variations and coronary heart disease, including changes in plasma lipid levels, insulin levels, decrease of HDL cholesterol, increase of C-reactive protein and increase of blood pressure. Conclusion This study suggests that frequent and very intense weight changes can be considered important predictors for the occurrence of coronary heart disease.

Abstract 44: Cardiometabolic Responses to Weight Change are Different between Obese and Normal Weight Adults Who are Metabolically Healthy: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Cui ◽  
Kimberly P Truesdale ◽  
Patrick T Bradshaw ◽  
Jianwen Cai ◽  
June Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Introduction: The 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults recommended weight loss for obese adults in order to reduce their cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, not all obese adults develop CVD and approximately 17% of obese Americans in the 1999-2004 NHANES were metabolically healthy. The absence of abnormal CVD risk factors in this subgroup of obese adults indicates that some individuals are resistant to excess adiposity and positive energy balance, and raises the question of whether all obese adults should be recommended for weight loss treatment. We know of no study that has examined whether metabolically healthy obese (MHO) adults respond to weight changes the same way as metabolically healthy normal weight adults (MHNW). Also, no study has compared the effects of weight loss, weight maintenance and weight gain on CVD risk factors in MHO adults. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the effects of weight change would be different in MHNW and MHO adults, with MHO adults having less stable risk factors, and that weight loss has a protective effect on CVD risk factors in the MHO compared to weight maintenance and weight gain. Methods: Data were from 2,710 MHO and MHNW participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Four examinations yielded 4,541 observations over sequential 3-year intervals. Metabolically healthy was defined as absence of all components of metabolic syndrome, excluding waist circumference, at the beginning of a 3-year interval. Mixed effect models were applied to individually compare changes in five CVD risk factors (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose) in MHO and MHNW adults within 3 weight change categories (<3% weight loss, weight maintenance (±3%) and >3% weight gain). Results: Weight loss was associated with small or no changes in the five CVD risk factors in both MHO and MHNW adults. Weight maintenance was associated with larger increases in MHO compared to MHNW adults in triglycerides (mean ± standard error: 10.0±1.7 vs. 6.5±1.0 mg/dL) and glucose (1.7±0.4 vs. 0.9±0.2 mg/dL). Weight gain was associated with larger increases in systolic (8.6±0.6 vs. 6.2±0.4 mmHg) and diastolic (3.9±0.4 vs. 2.5±0.3 mmHg) blood pressure, triglycerides (22.0±1.8 vs. 16.0±1.1 mg/dL) and glucose (4.9±0.4 vs. 1.9±0.3 mg/dL) among the MHO compared to the MHNW. MHO weight losers experienced more favorable changes in the five CVD risk factors compared to MHO weight maintainers (p<0.04) or gainers (p<0.0001). Conclusions: We showed that compared to MHNW, MHO adults experienced similar changes in CVD risk factors with weight loss and larger increases with weight maintenance and gain. Our study supports the 2013 Guideline that primary health care providers should recommend weight loss treatment for MHO patients.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Related to Weight Gain for Chines During Home Confinement in COVID-19 Pandemic: An Observational Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Song Xia ◽  
Fan Wu ◽  
Ming-Ming Gong ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Ding-Kun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Exercise

Abstract Objective: The observational study was intended to explore the weight changes and risk factors of weight gain during the self-quarantine and find available methods to lose weight.Method: This was an online retrospective observational study investigating the weight changes before and after home confinement. A total of 530 participants completed the online questionnaire. diet, sleep, self-reported depression, disease history and exercise information possibly relating to weight changes were incorporated into the questionnaire. The differences among four groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity) in BMI change and weight change were compared, and the risk factors of weight gain was also analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Participants were mostly between 21-50 years old, getting an average weight change of 0.82±3.31kg, and an average BMI change of 0.35 [-0.37, 1.00]. 43.77% of them gained weight by 2.99±2.29kg averagely. People with normal weight were easier to gain weight than obese group (p=0.001). There were differences in food intake (p<0.001), eating habits(p<0.001), taste preference (p=0.047), daily exercise step change(p=0.007), exercise (p=0.02) between non-weight gain group and weight gain group. The multiple linear regression revealed that weight gains were associated with sex (p=0.002), food intake (p=0.004), current daily exercise step (p=0.009) and self-reported depression (p=0.002) and weight loss was related to food intake (p=0.004) and pre-BMI (p=0.001).Conclusion: Eating irregularly, increasing food intake, self-reported depression and decreased daily steps were risk factors of weight gain, yet weight loss was related to decreased food intake and pre-BMI.

scholarly journals Managing Obesity in Lockdown: Survey of Health Behaviors and Telemedicine

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359
Author(s):  
Noga C Minsky ◽  
Dafna Pachter ◽  
Galia Zacay ◽  
Naama Chishlevitz ◽  
Miriam Ben-Hamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Exercise Habits ◽  
Prevent Weight Gain ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, billions of people have gone into lockdown, facing pandemic related challenges that engender weight gain, especially in the obese. We report the results of an online survey, conducted during Israel’s first quarantine, of 279 adults treated in hospital-based obesity clinics with counseling, medications, surgery, endoscopic procedures, or any combination of these for weight loss. In this study, we assessed the association between changes in dietary and lifestyle habits and body weight, and the benefits of receiving weight management care remotely through telemedicine during lockdown. Compared to patients not receiving obesity care via telemedicine, patients receiving this care were more likely to lose weight (OR, 2.79; p = 0.042) and also to increase participation in exercise (OR, 2.4; p = 0.022). While 40% of respondents reported consuming more sweet or salty processed snacks and 33% reported less vegetables and fruits, 65% reported more homemade foods. At the same time, 40% of respondents reported a reduction in exercise and 52% reported a decline in mood. Alterations in these eating patterns, as well as in exercise habits and mood, were significantly associated with weight changes. This study highlights that lockdown affects health behaviors associated with weight change, and advocates for the use of telemedicine to provide ongoing obesity care during future quarantines in order to promote weight loss and prevent weight gain.

Abstract P410: Alternate Day Fasting with a High Fat Diet: Impact on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Profile in Obese Adults

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C Klempel ◽  
Cynthia M Kroeger ◽  
Krista A Varady
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Alternate Day Fasting

Background: Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a low-fat (LF) diet is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection. However, the applicability of these findings is questionable as most Americans consume a high-fat (HF) diet. This study examined if these beneficial changes in weight and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk can be reproduced if a HF diet is used in place of a LF diet during ADF. Methods: Thirty-two obese subjects were randomized to an ADF-HF (45% fat) or ADF-LF diet (25% fat), which consisted of two phases: 1) a 2-week baseline weight maintenance period, and 2) an 8-week ADF weight loss period. All food was provided to subjects. Results: Body weight was reduced (P < 0.0001) by ADF-HF (5 ± 1%) and by ADF-LF (4 ± 1%). Fat mass decreased (P < 0.0001) by ADF-HF (5 ± 1 kg) and ADF-LF (4 ± 1 kg). Fat free mass remained unchanged. Waist circumference decreased (P < 0.001) by ADF-HF (7 ± 1 cm) and ADF-LF (7 ± 1 cm). LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.01) by both interventions (ADF-HF: 18 ± 5%, 14 ± 5%; ADF-LF: 24 ± 3%, 14 ± 4%). The proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0.05) in the ADF-HF and ADF-LF groups by 8 ± 3% and 10 ± 4%. Conclusion: Thus, an ADF-HF diet produces similar reductions in weight and CHD risk as an ADF-LF diet. These findings are important in terms of diet tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF diets.

scholarly journals Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Te Morenga ◽  
AJ Howatson ◽  
RM Jones ◽  
J Mann
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Dietary Sugars

Background: Dietary sugars have been suggested as a cause of obesity, several chronic diseases, and a range of cardiometabolic risk factors, but there is no convincing evidence of a causal relation between sugars and risk factors other than body weight. Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined effects of the modification of dietary free sugars on blood pressure and lipids. Design: Systematic searches were conducted in OVID Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science databases (to August 2013) to identify studies that reported intakes of free sugars and at least one lipid or blood pressure outcome. The minimum trial duration was 2 wk. We pooled data by using inverse-variance methods with random-effects models. Results: A total of 39 of 11,517 trials identified were included; 37 trials reported lipid outcomes, and 12 trials reported blood pressure outcomes. Higher compared with lower sugar intakes significantly raised triglyceride concentrations [mean difference (MD):0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15 mmol/L; P < 0.0001], total cholesterol (MD: 0.16 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.24 mmol/L; P < 0.0001), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (0.12 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.19 mmol/L; P = 0.0001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD: 0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.03 mmol/L; P = 0.03). Subgroup analyses showed the most marked relation between sugar intakes and lipids in studies in which efforts were made to ensure an energy balance and when no difference in weight change was reported. Potential explanatory factors, including a weight change, in most instances explained <15% of the heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 36-75%). The effect of sugar intake on blood pressure was greatest in trials ≥8 wk in duration [MD: 6.9 mm Hg (95% CI: 3.4, 10.3 mm Hg; P<0.001) for systolic blood pressure and 5.6 mm Hg (95% CI: 2.5, 8.8 mm Hg; P = 0.0005) for diastolic blood pressure]. Conclusions: Dietary sugars influence blood pressure and serum lipids. The relation is independent of effects of sugars on body weight. Protocols for this review were registered separately for effects of sugars on blood pressure and lipids in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews as PROSPERO 2012: CRD42012002379 and 2012: CRD42012002437, respectively. © 2014 American Society for Nutrition.

scholarly journals Weight changes during chemotherapy for breast cancer

2002 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano José Megale Costa ◽  
Paulo César Spotti Varella ◽  
Auro del Giglio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Disease Free

CONTEXT: Patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer have a tendency to gain weight. This tendency has determining factors not completely defined and an unknown prognostic impact. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate weight change during chemotherapy for breast cancer in a defined population and to identify its predisposing factors and possible prognostic significance. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Private clinical oncology service. PARTICIPANTS: 106 consecutive patients with breast cancer treated between June 1994 and April 2000, who received neoadjuvant (n = 8), adjuvant (n = 74) or palliative (n = 24) chemotherapy. INTERVETION: Review of medical records and gathering of clinical information, including patients’ body weights before treatment and at follow-up reviews. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Body weight change, expressed as percentage of body weight per month in treatment; role of clinical data in weight change; and influence of weight change in overall survival and disease-free survival. RESULTS: There was a mean increase of 0.50 ± 1.42% (p = 0.21) of body weight per month of treatment. We noted a negative correlation between metastatic disease and weight gain (r = -0.447, p < 0.0001). In the adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy groups there was a mean weight gain of 0.91 ± 1.19 % (p < 0.00001) per month, whereas in the metastatic (palliative) group, we observed a mean loss of 0.52 ± 1.21% (p = 0.11) of body weight per month during the treatment. We did not observe any statistically significant correlation between weight changes and disease-free survival or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy gain weight, whereas metastatic cancer patients will probably lose weight during palliative chemotherapy. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate the prognostic significance of weight changes during chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Weight Loss Efficacy of 4-Hour Versus 6-Hour Time Restricted Feeding in Adults with Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 584-584
Author(s):  
Sofia Cienfuegos ◽  
Kelsey Gabel ◽  
Faiza Kalam ◽  
Mark Ezpeleta ◽  
Vasiliki Pavlou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Metabolic Disease Risk ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives This study was undertaken to compare the effects of 4-h TRF to that of 6-h TRF on body weight, body composition, and metabolic disease risk factors in adults with obesity. We hypothesized that 4-h TRF would produce the greatest decreases in body weight, fat mass, blood pressure, and insulin resistance, compared to 6-h TRF. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 49) were randomized to 1 of 3 interventions for 8 weeks: 4-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 3:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 3:00 pm); 6-h TRF (ad libitum eating between 1:00 to 7:00 pm, water fasting between 7:00 to 1:00 pm); or control (ad libitum food intake with no timing restrictions). Results Body weight decreased similarly in the 4-h TRF group (–3.3 ± 0.5%) and 6-h TRF group (–2.6 ± 0.5%) relative to controls over 8 weeks (P &lt; 0.001). Fat mass, blood pressure and insulin sensitivity also decreased in the 4-h TRF and 6-h TRF groups versus controls. LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and HbA1c were not significantly different from controls after 8 weeks. Conclusions This is the first trial to examine the effects of 4-h vs. 6-h TRF on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors. We show here that 8 weeks of 4-h and 6-h TRF decreases body weight by ∼3–4% relative to controls. We also demonstrate that this fasting regimen produces significant reductions in blood pressure, fat mass, insulin and insulin resistance. These preliminary data offer promise for the use of 4-h and 6-h TRF as a weight loss techniques in adults with obesity, but larger, longer-term trials are needed to confirm these findings. Funding Sources Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago

Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease among Civil Employees of a Tertiary Level Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Md Saydur Rahman ◽  
Nurun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors are the most inimical and deleterious elements to develop coronary heart disease (CHD). To identify the factors contributing to develop CHD is therefore of paramount importance. It needs endless attention to address the riddle. This effort is to candle the light on sociodemographic & other factors of CHD. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in CMH Dhaka from September to December 2011 on 287 respondents. Data were collected by interview using semi-structured questionnaire. Data were checked, edited, coded, categorized, cleaned and analyzed using (SPSS version 20). Results: The study disclosed that respondent's mean age was 39.40+9.42 years, 67.2% were male and 32.8% were female. It was founded that 34.14% were smoker. The prevalence rate of HTN and DM were 14.3% and 4.5% respectably. The mean BMI was 24.55 with 58.5% had normal weight and 41.5% were overweight, 18.8% had positive family history of suffering from CHD. among the respondents 88.5% has got at least one risk factor, 60% has got 5-10 risk factors, 13.6% got 6-10 risk factors, 14.3% got>10 risk factors. Age was significantly associated with smoking (p<.049), educational status (p<.001) and blood pressure (p<.001). Physical exercise was associated with BMI (p<.001) and blood pressure (p<.001). Risk factors had highly significant association with age (p<.001). Conclusion: All these findings suggest that a substantial evidence of risk factors of coronary heart diseases were prevailing among the study population. Proper care through positive motivation, avoidance of risk behaviour, intervention of clinical conditions can resist risk factors of coronary heart disease thus coronary heart disease can be prevented. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 22-28

Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine in patients presenting with risk factors for coronary heart disease

Open Medicine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-664
Author(s):  
Marina Ilic ◽  
Radmila Pavlovic ◽  
Gordana Lazarevic ◽  
Tatjana Cvetkovic ◽  
Gordana Kocic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Symmetric Dimethylarginine ◽  
Patient Groups

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate asymmetric (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) production in patients presenting with one or more risk factor (RF) for coronary heart disease (CHD). Patients and methods: Overall, 113 participants were enrolled in the study, including 45 patients presenting with risk for CHD (27 male and 18 female; aged 55.9 ± 6.4 years), 30 sex and age-matched middle-aged healthy controls (16 male and 14 female; aged 56.3 ± 8.4 years), and 38 young healthy controls (38 male; aged 24.6 ± 3.9 years). Results: No significant differences for ADMA and SDMA were recorded between patients groups presenting with risk for CHD. However, ADMA and SDMA were significantly higher in all examined patient groups (≥3 and 1–2 RF, hypertensive and non-hypertensive, obese and non-obese, diabetics and non-diabetics) compared with both control groups (middle-aged and young controls) (p<0.001). ADMA significantly correlated with SDMA in ≥3 RF (p<0.05), hypertensive (p<0.05), non-obese (p<0.05), non-diabetics (p<0.01), as well in middle-aged (p<0.05) and young controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: Significantly higher ADMA and SDMA were found between patients presenting with risk for CHD (≥3 and 1–2 RF, hypertensive and nonhypertensive, obese and non-obese, diabetics and non-diabetics) and healthy, middle-aged and young controls. ADMA significantly correlated with SDMA in ≥3 RF, hypertensive, non-obese and non-diabetic patients, as well as in middle-aged and young controls.

Relationship of Fitness, Fatness, and Coronary-Heart-Disease Risk Factors in 12- to 13-Year-Olds

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Non-Eleri Thomas ◽  
Stephen-Mark Cooper ◽  
Simon P. Williams ◽  
Julien S. Baker ◽  
Bruce Davies
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
Heart Disease Risk Factors ◽  
Chd Risk Factors ◽  
Lipids And Lipoproteins

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between aerobic fitness (AF), fatness, and coronary-heart-disease (CHD) risk factors in 12- to 13-year-olds. The data were obtained from 208 schoolchildren (100 boys; 108 girls) ages 12.9 ± 0.3 years. Measurements included AF, indices of obesity, blood pressure, blood lipids and lipoproteins, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and C-reactive protein. An inverse relationship was found between AF and fatness (p < .05). Fatness was related to a greater number of CHD risk factors than fitness was (p < .05). Further analysis revealed fatness to be an independent predictor of triglyceride and blood-pressure levels (p < .05). Our findings indicate that, for young people, fatness rather than fitness is independently related to CHD risk factors.

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