scholarly journals The role of parasites and fungi in secondary infertility

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 30-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Kranjcic-Zec ◽  
Aleksandar Dzamic ◽  
Sanja Mitrovic ◽  
Valentina Arsenijevic-Arsic ◽  
Ivana Radonjic
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Gonadal Dysfunction ◽  
Histolytica Infection ◽  
Parasite Extract ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

Introduction Parasite-host relationships can cause diminished or absent ability to conceive, ectopic pregnancy or pregnancy with undesired course. Literature review There are reports that some protozoa, helminths and fungi may impair women's reproductive capacity, causing deformites of genital tract, so that conception is impossible, or, if it does occur, normal implantation and development of placenta are impossible. Schistosoma haematobium may cause vulvar papule, swelling, tumors, irregular vaginal hemorrhage, tubular infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Patients with cirrhosis caused by schistosomas have gonadal dysfunction and schistosomiasis itself can lead to tubular infertility. Some authors found microfilaria of Mansonella perstans in folicular aspirates in patients with tubular adhesions. Chronic Entamoeba histolytica infection can cause pelvic pain and dyspareunia in some patients. Although Trichomonas vaginalis is a common cause of tubal inflammation, this protozoa affects semen quality and leads to secondary infertility. Soluble parasite extract of T. vaginalis can lead to impaired motility of 50% spermatozoa in vitro and affects semen quality by increased viscosity and amount of debris, or damage spermatozoid membrane. In enterobiosis, presence of adult worms and eggs in fallopian tube, can be followed by chronic salpingitis and tubal occlusion. Also in ascariosis, presence of adult forms and eggs can lead to acute colpitis, chronic endometritis, salpingitis or ovarian abscess. The concequence of fungal infections, such as colpitis and endometritis, caused by Candida albicans, may be infertility. Also, according to some reports, C. albicans leads to decreased spermatozoan motility. Conclusion Hence parasites and fungi can cause infertility, we recommend examination of both partners in treatment of infertility.

Efficacy of Punica granatum extract on in vitro and in vivo control of Trichomonas vaginalis

Planta Medica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
GT El Sherbini ◽  
KM Ibrahim ◽  
ET El Sherbini ◽  
NM Abdel Hady ◽  
TA Morsy
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Punica Granatum

Optimization and Characterization of Aqueous Micellar Formulations for Ocular Delivery of an Antifungal Drug, Posaconazole

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1543-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meltem E. Durgun ◽  
Emine Kahraman ◽  
Sevgi Güngör ◽  
Yıldız Özsoy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Pluronic F127 ◽  
Glycol Succinate ◽  
Vitro Release

Background: Topical therapy is preferred for the management of ocular fungal infections due to its superiorities which include overcoming potential systemic side effects risk of drugs, and targeting of drugs to the site of disease. However, the optimization of effective ocular formulations has always been a major challenge due to restrictions of ocular barriers and physiological conditions. Posaconazole, an antifungal and highly lipophilic agent with broad-spectrum, has been used topically as off-label in the treatment of ocular fungal infections due to its highly lipophilic character. Micellar carriers have the potential to improve the solubility of lipophilic drugs and, overcome ocular barriers. Objective: In the current study, it was aimed optimization of posaconazole loaded micellar formulations to improve aqueous solubility of posaconazole and to characterize the formulations and to investigate the physical stability of these formulations at room temperature (25°C, 60% RH), and accelerated stability (40°C, 75% RH) conditions. Method: Micelles were prepared using a thin-film hydration method. Pre-formulation studies were firstly performed to optimize polymer/surfactant type and to determine their concentration in the formulations. Then, particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential of the micellar formulations were measured by ZetaSizer Nano-ZS. The drug encapsulation efficiency of the micelles was quantified by HPLC. The morphology of the micelles was depicted by AFM. The stability of optimized micelles was evaluated in terms of particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, drug amount and pH for 180 days. In vitro release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Results: Pre-formulation studies indicated that single D-ɑ-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), a combination of it and Pluronic F127/Pluronic F68 are capable of formation of posaconazole loaded micelles at specific concentrations. Optimized micelles with high encapsulation efficiency were less than 20 nm, approximately neutral, stable, and in aspherical shape. Additionally, in vitro release data showed that the release of posaconazole from the micelles was higher than that of suspension. Conclusion: The results revealed that the optimized micellar formulation of posaconazole offers a potential approach for topical ocular administration.

Potential of Nanoparticles in Combating Candida Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Abul Qais ◽  
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan ◽  
Iqbal Ahmad ◽  
Abdullah Safar Althubiani
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Made In

Aims: The aim of this review is to survey the recent progress made in developing the nanoparticles as antifungal agents especially the nano-based formulations being exploited for the management of Candida infections. Discussion: In the last few decades, there has been many-fold increase in fungal infections including candidiasis due to the increased number of immunocompromised patients worldwide. The efficacy of available antifungal drugs is limited due to its associated toxicity and drug resistance in clinical strains. The recent advancements in nanobiotechnology have opened a new hope for the development of novel formulations with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved drug delivery and low toxicity. Conclusion: Metal nanoparticles have shown to possess promising in vitro antifungal activities and could be effectively used for enhanced and targeted delivery of conventionally used drugs. The synergistic interaction between nanoparticles and various antifungal agents have also been reported with enhanced antifungal activity.

Effect of Verbascum thapsus Ethanol Extract on Induction of Apoptosis in Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Kashan ◽  
Mohsen Arbabi ◽  
Mahdi Delavari ◽  
Hossein Hooshyar ◽  
Mohsen Taghizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Verbascum Thapsus ◽  
Induction Of Apoptosis

Smart Gn-Keto Nanohybrid Embedded Topical System for Effective Management of Dermatophytosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Shashikiran Misra
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Enhanced Solubility ◽  
Bioactive Agents

Background and Objectives: Dermatophytosis (topical fungal infection) is the 4th common disease in the last decade, affecting 20-25% world’s population. Patients of AIDS, cancer, old age senescence, diabetes, cystic fibrosis become more vulnerable to dermatophytosis. The conventional topical dosage proves effective as prophylactic in preliminary stage. In the advanced stage, the therapeutics interacts with healthy tissues before reaching the pathogen site, showing undesirable effects, thus resulting in pitiable patient compliance. The youngest carbon nano-trope “Graphene” is recently used to manipulate bioactive agents for therapeutic purposes. Here, we explore graphene via smart engineering by virtue of high surface area and high payload for therapeutics and developed graphene–ketoconazole nanohybrid (Gn-keto) for potent efficacy towards dermatophytes in a controlled manner. </P><P> Methods: Polymethacrylate derivative Eudragit (ERL100 and ERS 100) microspheres embedded with keto and Gn-keto nanohybrid were formulated and characterized through FTIR, TGA, and SEM. In vitro drug release and antifungal activity of formulated Gn-keto microspheres were assessed for controlled release and better efficacy against selected dermatophytes. </P><P> Results: Presence of numerous pores within the surface of ERL100 microspheres advocated enhanced solubility and diffusion at the site of action. Controlled diffusion across the dialysis membrane was observed with ERS100 microspheres owing to the nonporous surface and poor permeability. Antifungal activity against T. rubrum and M. canis using microdilution method focused on a preeminent activity (99.785 % growth inhibition) of developed nanohybrid loaded microspheres as compared to 80.876% of keto loaded microspheres for T. rubrum. The culture of M. canis was found to be less susceptible to formulated microspheres. Conclusion: Synergistic antifungal activity was achieved by nanohybrid Gn-Keto loaded microspheres against selected topical fungal infections suggesting a vital role of graphene towards fungi.

scholarly journals Conifers Phytochemicals: A Valuable Forest with Therapeutic Potential

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3005
Author(s):  
Kanchan Bhardwaj ◽  
Ana Sanches Silva ◽  
Maria Atanassova ◽  
Rohit Sharma ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antioxidant Effects

Conifers have long been recognized for their therapeutic potential in different disorders. Alkaloids, terpenes and polyphenols are the most abundant naturally occurring phytochemicals in these plants. Here, we provide an overview of the phytochemistry and related commercial products obtained from conifers. The pharmacological actions of different phytochemicals present in conifers against bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are also reviewed. Data obtained from experimental and clinical studies performed to date clearly underline that such compounds exert promising antioxidant effects, being able to inhibit cell damage, cancer growth, inflammation and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, an attempt has been made with the intent to highlight the importance of conifer-derived extracts for pharmacological purposes, with the support of relevant in vitro and in vivo experimental data. In short, this review comprehends the information published to date related to conifers’ phytochemicals and illustrates their potential role as drugs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Permeability of Various Sealing Materials at the Implant–Abutment Interface—A Pilot In Vitro Study

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Igor Smojver ◽  
Marko Vuletić ◽  
Dražena Gerbl ◽  
Ana Budimir ◽  
Mato Sušić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Efficacy ◽  
Sealing Material ◽  
Implant Abutment ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Sealing Materials

The microenvironment of the oral cavity is altered when an implant, a biocompatible foreign body, is inserted into the mouth. Bacteria settle in the tissues in and around the implant due to the passage of microorganisms through the microgap at the connection of the implant and prosthetic abutment. To prevent colonization of the implant by microorganisms, one idea is to use sealing and antimicrobial materials to decontaminate the implant–abutment interface and close the microgap. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and permeability of different types of sealing materials at the implant–abutment interface, under static conditions. Three different sealing material (GapSeal gel, Oxysafe gel and Flow.sil) were used for sealing the implant–abutment interfaces in 60 titanium dental implants, which were first contaminated with a solution containing Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans for 14 days under an aerobic condition. Results showed that a complete seal against bacterial infection was not formed at the implant–abutment interface, while for fungal infections, only GapSeal material helped to prevent microleakage. Findings of this in vitro study reported that application of sealing material before abutment connection may reduce peri-implant bacterial and fungal population compared with the interface without sealing material.

scholarly journals Nanocarriers of Miconazole or Fluconazole: Effects on Three-Species Candida Biofilms and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Anne Caroline Morais Caldeirão ◽  
Heitor Ceolin Araujo ◽  
Laís Salomão Arias ◽  
Wilmer Ramírez Carmona ◽  
Gustavo Porangaba Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Mtt Reduction ◽  
Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Positive Controls

The contribution of different Candida species in oral fungal infections has stimulated the search for more effective therapies. This study assessed the antibiofilm effects of nanocarriers of miconazole (MCZ) or fluconazole (FLZ) on Candida biofilms, and their cytotoxic effects on murine fibroblasts. Three-species biofilms (Candida albicans/Candida glabrata/Candida tropicalis) were formed on 96-well plates, and they were treated with nanocarriers (iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan—“IONPs-CS”) of MCZ or FLZ at 39/78/156 µg/mL; antifungals alone at 156 µg/mL and artificial saliva were tested as positive and negative controls, respectively. Biofilms were analyzed by colony forming units (CFU), biomass, metabolic activity, and structure/viability. The cytotoxicity (L929 cells) of all treatments was determined via 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Data were submitted to one- or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s or Fisher LSD’s tests (p < 0.05). IONPs-CS-MCZ at 78 µg/mL promoted similar antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects compared with MCZ at 156 µg/mL. In turn, IONPs-CS-FLZ at 156 µg/mL was overall the most effective FLZ antibiofilm treatment, surpassing the effects of FLZ alone; this nanocarrier was also less cytotoxic compared with FLZ alone. It can be concluded that both nanocarriers are more effective alternatives to fight Candida biofilms compared with their respective positive controls in vitro, being a promising alternative for the treatment of oral fungal infections.

scholarly journals Techniques for the Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Combinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Bidaud ◽  
Patrick Schwarz ◽  
Guillaume Herbreteau ◽  
Eric Dannaoui
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Fungal Load ◽  
Time Kill

Systemic fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates despite adequate treatment. Moreover, acquired resistance to antifungals is increasing, which further complicates the therapeutic management. One strategy to overcome antifungal resistance is to use antifungal combinations. In vitro, several techniques are used to assess drug interactions, such as the broth microdilution checkerboard, agar-diffusion methods, and time-kill curves. Currently, the most widely used technique is the checkerboard method. The aim of all these techniques is to determine if the interaction between antifungal agents is synergistic, indifferent, or antagonistic. However, the interpretation of the results remains difficult. Several methods of analysis can be used, based on different theories. The most commonly used method is the calculation of the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Determination of the usefulness of combination treatments in patients needs well-conducted clinical trials, which are difficult. It is therefore important to study antifungal combinations in vivo, in experimental animal models of fungal infections. Although mammalian models have mostly been used, new alternative animal models in invertebrates look promising. To evaluate the antifungal efficacy, the most commonly used criteria are the mortality rate and the fungal load in the target organs.

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