scholarly journals International relations through the prism of the new technological division of power

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-666
Author(s):  
Sanja Filipovic ◽  
Jelena Ignjatovic
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Trading ◽  
The Us ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Research Show

The aim of this paper is to determine which country has technological superiority in the field of industry by analysing the strategic approaches to the industrial development of three leading industrial countries (Germany, China, and the US), as well as selected indicators of industrial development. The results of the research show that China has the most ambitious approach and pretension to take a leading position in a large number of high-tech industries. Since 2014, China has become the second-largest industrial power, right after Germany, while the US has been in fourth place since 2017. China leads in terms of the share of industrial products in global trade and the share of manufacturing value added in the total world gross domestic product. Since 2015, China and Germany have developed intensive cooperation in the area of hi-tech industrial production, while bilateral relations between China and the US are tight due to the trade war. While the US, as the third-largest bilateral trading partner of Germany (after China and the Netherlands), is generating a trade deficit, China is making a breakthrough towards the European market, which is in line with the strategy of taking the position of a global leader in high technology.

scholarly journals China's High-Tech Exports: The Myth and Reality

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Xing
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
A Value ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Chinese Workers

Trade statistics portray China as the largest exporter of high-tech products. This paper demonstrates that China's leading position in high-tech exports is a myth created by outdated trade statistics, which are inconsistent with trade based on global supply chains. Current trade statistics mistakenly credit entire values of assembled high-tech products to China, thus greatly inflating its exports. This paper adopted a value-added approach to more accurately measure high-tech exports, revealing that, in 2009, China's valueadded accounted for only about 3 percent of the total value attributed for its exports of iPhones and laptop PCs. Furthermore, if assembly is the only source of value-added by Chinese workers, in terms of technological contribution, these assembled high-tech exports are indifferent from labor-intensive products, and so they should be excluded from the high-tech classification.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Development of the Industrial Sector in the Context of Global Transformation of Economic Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 07031
Author(s):  
Maria Klevtsova ◽  
Yulia Vertakova ◽  
Yulia Polozhentseva
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Current State ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
The World ◽  
Stable Growth

Research background: In the modern world the rate of global transformation of economic processes is constantly increasing, while stimulating the growth of industrial production in the countries of the world. The industrial sector plays an important role in achieving stable growth in national wealth indicators, as well as in ensuring national security. Accelerating the pace of industrial development, especially high-tech, contributes to an increase in employment and the transition to a balanced economic development of the country. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of the publication is to study the current state and structural transformations in industry in the world economy, to analyze the level and dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. Methods: Using statistical analysis of time series and dynamics indicators, the authors have evaluated the development trends of the industrial sector, based on the methods of scientific knowledge, a comparative analysis of the systematic results of development indices characterizing the functioning of industry around the world. Findings & Value added: A statistical analysis of the development of the industrial sector in the context of globalization allows the authors to determine the exact number of enterprises, the costs of the industry and their income, as well as the contribution made to the development of both region and the country as a whole. In this research the authors have considered the main economic indicators of industrial development in the world. The authors have systematized the main measures aimed at the development of the industrial sector.

Ratcheting Down the Industrial Ladder in Mexico

Dragonomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 191-228
Author(s):  
Carol Wise
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Credit ◽  
The Us ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
Economic Relationship

This chapter analyses Mexico’s deteriorating economic relationship with China, tracing its reform trajectory from the adoption of NAFTA in the 1990s, to China’s WTO entrance, and to the ways China’s rise is exacerbating tensions between Mexico and the US today. The author argues that Mexico failed to implement public policies and institutional reforms to bolster companies and position them to perform successfully under NAFTA. Instead, elite policymakers chose to rely on a neoliberal hands-off industrial development strategy, effectively kicking away the ladder of state guidance for industrial promotion, reducing such tools as public credit, tax breaks, trade tariffs, and so on. This led to Mexico’s incorporation into China’s internationalized development strategy as an importer of Chinese goods, which has left it with a massive trade deficit with China over the past twenty-five years.

scholarly journals The US Foreign Investment Regulation: Trade War Restrictions

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Leading Position

Over the past several years, the United States has taken a leading position in the world in attractiveness to foreign investors, largely due to the policy of favoring foreign investment and the absence of significant restrictions on incoming FDI. Currently the United States are trying to find a balance between openness to foreign investment and emerging issues related to the economy and national security. As a result of the adoption of the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act in 2018, the authority of the US Foreign Investments Committee was significantly expanded and the requirements for transactions were tightened, in particular, monitoring and verification of compliance with national security requirements. Despite the fact that these measures affected all incoming FDI in the United States, they are primarily an instrument of competition between the United States and China. Restrictions on outbound investment by China, as well as new requirements on the part of the United States, have significantly reduced the flow of FDI from China to the United States, especially in high-tech industries and infrastructure projects. Meanwhile, the US direct investment in China has remained stable over the past few years. In addition, there are some industry regulations on the share of foreign investors in the capital of energy companies, broadcasting companies, banks and others. Investment relations between the two countries, according to the investors, despite political and trade contradictions, remain quite close.

scholarly journals High-tech manufacturing as a determinant of the economic development

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Svitlana Bondarenko ◽  
Olena Makoveieva ◽  
Viktoriia Niziaieva ◽  
Anna Vorona
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
The World

The aim of the article is to study high-tech production as determinants of the country's economy. The article proves that one of the important factors in the development of the Ukrainian economy is highlighting the development of high-tech production as a priority of the state policy, which will provide opportunities for entering new markets with highly competitive products. A historical analysis of economic phenomena in the global aspect, the possibility of applying experience in the economy of Ukraine. For Ukraine, the experience of the economic miracle of South Korea, which also survived the experience of war, may be interesting. Now the country is among the 12 strongest countries in terms of GDP in the world, at 5th place in the world in the export of high-tech products. The country was called an example of successful government intervention in the economy. The experience of the economic miracle of Singapore is also considered. For 50 years, Singapore has turned from a poor country into a world leader in high-tech industries, such as electronics and pharmaceuticals, and has become the largest financial and oil refining center. Singapore’s modernization was ensured by efforts in four key areas: economic reforms, which determined the vector of investment and innovation development, social modernization, an effective fight against corruption and political stability. The government has relied on attracting foreign investors, developing the financial market and high-tech industries. Simple and transparent business registration and regulation procedures have been adopted in Singapore. It is believed that Singapore owes its success to competent public policy. The article considers the possibilities for the transition of the Ukrainian economy to a new level of development. One of the important competitive advantages for Ukraine is a strong and internationally recognized IT industry, human capital. According to statistics, the main industries that fill the country's budget are metallurgy, the agricultural sector, food and IT. You can also add woodworking and chemical industries, whose share in the state budget is also large. In recent years, these industries have begun to use high technology more and more because of the need to compete in the global market with more developed companies. At the same time, there are no programs at the state level for the introduction of high technologies in the real sector of the economy. Now enterprises independently invest in their innovations. It is possible to launch a revolution in industrial production only by introducing advanced production technologies, which are called “breakthrough”, emphasizing their revolutionary influence on the structure of production. Today in Ukraine there is a fragmented approach to innovative development. Therefore, the task for the public administration system should be the allocation of priority areas for industrial development, the development of effective mechanisms for the development of production of high value-added products. High-tech production deserves special attention.

scholarly journals ENDOGENIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED STARTUPS: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, LESSONS FOR UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11) ◽  
pp. 60-86
Author(s):  
Olena SALIKHOVA ◽  
◽  
Olena KURCHENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Creation

Since the 1950s, the US leadership has pursued a purposeful policy of encouraging the creation of startups by inventors. This process took the form of technology transfer from science to the real sector of the economy, contributed to the market introduction of technologically sophisticatedinnovative products, moving up the value-added ladder, creating new jobs, accelerating the endogenization of economic development. The evolution of mechanisms of state influence on the development of startups in the United States is shown. It is substantiated that at the initial stage the policy measures were aimed at promoting the development of the industry and reducing dependence on technology imports; the creation of startups accelerated the development of scientific achievements in the production, resulting from the increase in the 1940s of funding for R&D defense universities; contributed to the employment of highly qualified professionals, including immigrants. Today, with a well-developed industry with a high absorption capacity for innovation, the country's leadership sets economic and technological priorities to solve problems and reap the benefits of American companies; based on these priorities contributes to the formation of human resources (including, as before, by attracting skilled immigrants), identifies areas of research and financially promotes the creation of startups in priority areas. It is shown that the US leadership has created the appropriate legal and institutional framework that has accelerated the commercialization of startup developments, and opened the public procurement market for them. It is substantiated that the central element of the state policy of encouraging innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine should be the development of technology-oriented startups (TOS), aimed at creating products, processes, services based on their own developments. It is recommended to create basic documents: the draft Law on technology-oriented startups and the draft Strategy for the development of technology-oriented startups in the interests of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. It is shown that in determining the conceptual foundations and provisions of these documents it is necessary to take into account endogenous barriers and exogenous threats that today complicate the development of TOS in Ukraine.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN INDICATORS OF INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AS THE BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIC ACTIVITY OF DOMESTIC ENTERPRISES

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
L. Horeta
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Industrial Products ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Marketing Policy ◽  
Marketing Strategic

The development and strengthening of the domestic industrial complex as a whole and of individual economic entities will be facilitated by the focus on the production of competitive high-tech intellectual products. Industrial enterprises should aim to produce products that will be in demand in the domestic and foreign markets, providing a significant proportion of gross value added and profit. The article analyzes the main indicators of industrial development of Ukraine (index of industrial production, volume of industrial products sold, profitability of operating activity of industrial enterprises, capital investments of industry, indicators of innovative activity in industry, share of industrial enterprises that have received profit, number of industrial enterprises, number of employed workers at industrial enterprises). Analysis of the main indicators of the development and functioning of domestic industrial enterprises determines the relevance of the implementation of appropriate marketing policy. Marketing policy should be a part of the general policy of industrial enterprises and foresee the development of measures aimed at modernizing market and product strategies. When developing measures of marketing strategic activity of domestic industrial enterprises, the following was taken into account: the existing potential of domestic enterprises in the market of industrial products of Ukraine and their strategic capabilities. According to the results of the analysis, a set of priority tasks aimed at the effective development of the domestic industry has been formed, the main components of marketing strategic activity of industrial enterprises have been identified and the prospects for further research have been formulated. Key words: mechanical engineering, competitiveness, strategic marketing activities, industrial enterprise.

scholarly journals US Manufacturing: Understanding Its Past and Its Potential Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Neil Baily ◽  
Barry P. Bosworth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us

The development of the US manufacturing sector over the last half-century displays two striking and somewhat contradictory features: 1) the growth of real output in the US manufacturing sector, measured by real value added, has equaled or exceeded that of total GDP, keeping the manufacturing share of the economy constant in price-adjusted terms; and 2) there is a long-standing decline in the share of total employment attributable to manufacturing. The persistence of these trends seems inconsistent with stories of a recent or sudden crisis in the US manufacturing sector. After all, as recently as 2010, the United States had the world's largest manufacturing sector measured by its valued-added, and while it has now been surpassed by China, the United States remains a very large manufacturer. On the other hand, there are some potential causes for concern. First, though manufacturing's output share of GDP has remained stable over 50 years, and manufacturing retains a reputation as a sector of rapid productivity improvements, this is largely due to the spectacular performance of one subsector of manufacturing: computers and electronics. Second, recently there has been a large drop in the absolute level of manufacturing employment that many find alarming. Third, the US manufacturing sector runs an enormous trade deficit, equaling $460 billion in 2012, which is also very concentrated in trade with Asia. Finally, we consider the future evolution of the manufacturing sector and its importance for the US economy. Many of the largest US corporations continue to shift their production facilities overseas. It is important to understand why the United States is not perceived to be an attractive base for their production.

Analysis of Current Practices of Organizing the Export of Medical Services in the United Kingdom, Italy, South Korea and China

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-42
Author(s):  
Arkady Nikolaevich Daykhes ◽  
Vladimir Anatolievich Reshetnikov ◽  
Olga Aleksandrovna Manerova ◽  
Ilya Aleksandrovich Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Value Added ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
The United Kingdom

Aim of the study. Analysis of medical tourism’s organizational features based on the example of the large medical organizations in the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and China. Materials and methods. The data were collected by the authors by interviewing the heads of medical organizations and their deputies in the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and China (3–4 respondents per medical organization) using the developed questionnaire to identify the main mechanisms and tools for organizing the export of medical services. SWOT-analysis (Strengths; Weaknesses; Opportunities; Threats) was performed in order to comprehensively evaluate the received information. Results. Along with weaknesses and threats that slow down the development of medical services exports, strengths (internal factors) and opportunities ( external factors) that contribute to the development of medical tourism were also identified: the widespread popularity of the brand of medical organizations abroad which is associated with the provision of premium medical services; versatility and ability to conduct high-tech surgical operations; the presence of a separate premium class building and an international department for working with foreign patients and promoting a medical organization in the world market; well-established business relationships with assistance companies; foreign medical personnel who speak foreign languages and possess necessary skills to treat foreign patients; developed electronic medical care system; developed system of quality control of medical care; the presence of branches in other countries; the presence of a medical visa in the system of legislation; established cooperation with many countries at the embassy level; state licensing and accreditation for the provision of medical services to foreign citzens; the availability of a state website on the provision of medical assistance to foreign citizens; the possibility of the age of value added tax. Conclusion. We identified main patterns in the organization of export of medical services that can be applied to develop this direction in medical organizations of the Russian Federation during the analysis the strengths and weaknesses of four large medical organizations abroad, as well as external factors that affect the work of these medical organizations.

Estimation of economic specialization of Ukrainian regions in the context of global trends

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ishchuk ◽  
Lyubomyr Sozanskyy
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Gross Value Added ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Economic Specialization

The scale and deep heterogeneity of the national economy of Ukraine in the regional context make the relevance of scientific research in this thematic area. The purpose of the article is to determine the economic specialization of the regions of Ukraine by key economic activities contributing to the formation of gross value added, as well as outlining the potential risks to the national economy, taking into account the situation on world commodity markets. The results of the research showed that one of the consequences of the unstable dynamics of industrial production in Ukraine under the influence of geopolitical and macroeconomic factors is the reduction of industrial specialization of the economy of a number of Ukrainian regions. Thus, in 2017 the manufacturing was the leading economic activity (with the highest share in the gross value added created) in 11 regions, compared to 15 in 2012. So Poltava, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhya regions are considered to be “highly industrial”. At the same time, the agrarian specialization of the economy of Ukraine and its regions deepened – in 2017 agriculture became the leading type of economic activity in 11 regions (compared to 7 in 2012). The most “agrarian” in Ukraine (with a share of agriculture in gross value added over 30%) in 2017 became the Kherson, Kirovohrad and Khmelnytsky regions. Increasing the level of “agrarianization” of the national economy in the context of volatility of agricultural commodity prices on the world markets poses significant risks for the socio-economic development of Ukraine and its regions. These risks are exacerbated by the high amplitude of fluctuations in the volume and structure of domestic agricultural products and the low degree of processing of raw materials. To improve the structure of domestic commodity exports (in the direction of increasing its share of products with a higher degree of processing) and to deepen its diversification, a number of measures should be carried out aimed at stimulating export activity of enterprises (industrial and agro-industrial), carrying out technical and technological re-equipment of industrial and export production bases, creation of new high-tech industries on the basis of the implementation of powerful innovation and investment projects.

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