scholarly journals The economic belt of the new silk road: Chinese breakthrough in the west or a response to Asian challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 196-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasminka Simic
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
World Market ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Road Project ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

The paper analyses how the Chinese project of establishing the Economic Belt of the New Silk Road challenges newly formed Eurasian Economic Union, with Russia as the leading force, as well as the North-American and Pacific trade network, dominated by the U.S. The author discusses how the overlapping responsibilities and influence of these regional economic groups may affect their complementarities and competitiveness on the world market, and how they may impact the future course of international relations. The Economic Belt is aimed at creating and strengthening economic, transport, human and cultural relations between China and Central Asian countries, but without Russia. The New Silk Road would stretch from the Pacific to the Baltic Sea, encompassing land and sea trading routes, and follows the route of the ancient Silk Road. When the New Silk Road project, linking three continents, is completed, it will bring new chance for development for China as well as for all other countries on the New Silk Road, including those in the Southeastern Europe. The author concludes that the Economic Belt of the New Silk Road might relax conflicts and quarrels between Western and Far East countries in regard to their aspirations to dominate in Euroasia.

IV—Doppler and Civil Aviation

1958 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Density ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Position Information ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Space Pattern

Those familiar with the history of navigation aids may, with good reason, be reluctant to look upon any new aid as a panacea, but there appears to be no doubt that doppler will effect a revolutionary improvement in air navigation as we know it today. We have, for the first time, an aid self-contained in the aeroplane, independent of propagation conditions or weather, capable of giving position information anywhere over the globe with an accuracy certainly adequate to join the approach facilities at the destination aerodrome. Some of us not actively engaged in flying the world's routes tend to be influenced in our outlook by the navigation problems and facilities in high-density areas like western Europe, the United States or even the North Atlantic, and we are inclined to forget that this is only a very small part of the world route structure. The intensity of aviation activity in these high-density areas warrants the establishment of a network of radio beacons, ranges, VOR's and space pattern systems like Loran and Decca to bring order into the traffic flow, besides assisting the navigation of individual aeroplanes. When, however, we consider the immense distances flown by aircraft through Africa and India to the Far East and Australia, to South America and across the Pacific, to say nothing of Communist Asia, we begin to realize what a real dearth of navigation facilities there is over the globe.

scholarly journals Ecogeographic assessment of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) from the collection of the Vavilov Institute (VIR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
M. O. Burlyaeva ◽  
M. V. Gurkina ◽  
M. G. Samsonova ◽  
M. A. Vishnyakova
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Far East ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Field Phenotyping ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Traditional Area

Background.Mung bean (Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek) is a nontraditional crop for Russia. The crop’s main areas of cultivation are situated in the subtropical zone of the planet. However, positive experience with mung bean cultivation in a number of regions – the South of the European part and the Far East of Russia – implies the expediency of a search for source materials suitable for the development of cultivars adapted to these conditions.Materials and methods.The results of the field phenotyping of 76 mung bean landraces from VIR have been analyzed. The experiments were performed in 1949–1956 in Uzbekistan (former Central Asian Branch of VIR), and in 2009, 2018 and 2019 in Astrakhan Province, where VIR’s collection had been reproduced from the early 1990s. The data on the variability of phenological and agronomic characters and their relationships were compared for both areas and analyzed using the methods of multidimensional statistics.Results and discussion.A strong variability of all studied characters and their dependence on the environment were observed in both locations. According to the averaged longterm data, differences were found in the duration of interphase periods and the entire growing season, seed yield, plant height, and 1000 seed weight in both sites. Significant differences were shown in the strength of correlations between the studied characters. In Astrakhan Province and in the years with less favorable conditions in Uzbekistan, the level of correlations between most traits was higher. Therefore, an increase in the strength of the relationships between crop characters may be regarded as an indicator of unfavorable growing conditions. The genotypes with short periods from sprouting to flowering and from sprouting to maturation were the most resistant to environmental changes. It is these traits that should first of all be transferred to mung bean cultivars when promoting its production to the north, beyond its traditional area.

scholarly journals The 102–103° E geodivider in the modern lithosphere structure of Сentral Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 989-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Gatinsky ◽  
T. V. Prokhorova ◽  
D. V. Rundquist
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Energy ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Three Rivers Region ◽  
Seismic Sections ◽  
Three Rivers ◽  
Crust Thickness ◽  
Metallogenic Characteristics

A quasi-linear zone of noticeable geological and geophysical changes, which coincides approximately with 102–103° E meridians, is termed by the authors as “geodivider”. Active submeridional faults are observed predominantly along the zone and coincide with its strike. Seismicity is most intensive in the central part of this zone, from the Lake Baikal to the Three Rivers Region at the Sino-Myanmar frontier. Transects with deep seismic sections and energy dissipation graphs show most sharply increasing seismic energy amounts and hypocenter depths in the western part of the geodivider which delimits (in the first approximation) the Central Asian and East Asian transitional zones between the North Eurasian, Indian and Pacific lithosphere plates. The transpression tectonic regime dominates west of the geodivider under the influence of the Hindustan Indentor pressure, and the transtension regime prevails east of it due to the Pacific subduction slab submergence and continuation. The regime change coincides with an abrupt increase in the crust thickness – from 35–40 km to 45–70 km – west of the geodivider, as reflected in the geophysical fields and metallogenic characteristics of the crust. The direction ofP- andS-waves anisotropy together with the GPS data show decoupling layers of the crust and mantle in the southern part of the geodivider. According to our investigations, the 102–103° E geodivider is a regional geological-geophysical border that may be compared with the Tornquist Line, and, by its scale, with the Uralian and Appalachian fronts and some others large structures.

scholarly journals On the origin and evolution of a new anchialine stygobitic <i>Microceratina</i> species (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Namiotko ◽  
Karel Wouters ◽  
Dan L. Danielopol ◽  
William F. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The North ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tethys Ocean ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Marine species of the ostracod genus Microceratina Swanson (Cytheruridae, Eucytherurinae) were until now known only from their hard parts, the valves and carapaces, as no living animals have been described. Here we report the first living population, from a tropical anchialine cave. The description of the limbs and hard parts of this new taxon, M. martensi sp. nov., enhances our understanding of the origin and evolution of the cave-dwelling Microceratina – the new species and M. pseudoamfibola (Barbeito-Gonzalez) from an anchialine cave in Southern Italy – and clarifies their affinities with other Eucytherurinae species. Microceratina is known from both Recent and fossil species (Quaternary, Tertiary and Late Cretaceous) from shelf and deep-sea habitats and/or sedimentary facies, located in the Pacific Ocean (along the Australian and New Zealand coasts), the Mediterranean (Greece and Italy), the North Atlantic (British Isles) and the Baltic Sea (Rügen Island). This suggests that the Microceratina group spread through the expanding Tethys Ocean. The morphological traits of the two cave-dwelling species reflect their ecological conditions. Cave-dwelling Microceratina species appear to have originated from epigean shallow water species predisposed to colonize subterranean habitats.

scholarly journals Caspian Vector of the EAEU Transport and Logistics Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
I. B. Mamedov
Keyword(s):  
Transport Policy ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
The North ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
International Transport ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
The Silk Road

One of the goals of the Eurasian Economic Union is the formation of single markets for goods, services, capital and labor resources. A key aspect for the realization of the stated goal is the development of the EAEU transport and logistics potential. The formation of a single transport space, ensuring the free movement of goods and passenger traffic require an expansion of the EAEU participation in main international logistics projects, as well as the achievement of an agreed transport policy of member states. The purpose of this article is to determine the possibilities and limitations of interactions between the EAEU and Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan in the transport and logistics sphere. The article analyses the main directions and objectives of the EAEU transport policy, assesses the dynamics of the main indicators of the Union’s transport activities. The author considered key international transport projects for the EAEU. Logistics programs and corridors that pass through the territories of Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan are highlighted: the North-South international transport corridor, the EAEU and the Silk Road Economic Belt interface project, as well as the Central Asian regional economic cooperation programs and the Europe-Caucasus-Asia corridor project. The transit potential of the Caspian region in general and the territories of the represented countries in particular was studied. Analysis of the retrospective of relations of the EAEU with these countries is presented. The main result of the study is a description of promising areas of cooperation, individual projects and formats of cooperation in the transport and logistics sphere between the EAEU and the countries of the southern Caspian Sea. The author concludes that it is necessary to rehabilitate and reactualize the idea of the “Great Eurasian Partnership” in the light of the identified restrictions for the full integration of South Caspian countries into the EAEU.

scholarly journals EURASIA ENTRE EL ESPÍRITU DE SHANGHÁI Y UNA COMUNIDAD DE FUTURO COMPARTIDO

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunamis Fabelo Concepción
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Central Asian Republics

The article is based on the analysis of the integrationist trends that have evolved in Central Asia between 1991 and 2015. It deals with how the historical reality of the Central Asian republics conditioned them to search for centers of reference to guide the construction of their political and economic systems. This situation caused these countries, since their independence, to begin to interact with important international relations players, with whom they built a series of interdependent relations that were tracing two integrationist conceptions that became trends: Western and Eurasian. The latter one is the one that has most advanced in the period studied, promoted by Russia and China with the implementation of important mechanisms of association, cooperation and consensus, among which the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Eurasian Economic Union and the New Silk Road project. In this sense, the Chinese megaproject One Belt One Road is supported by a series of conceptual bases as a result of the progress and evolution of the Eurasian trend understood in its broader meaning.

Belt and Road Initiative alias Chinese Dream: How Are the Cards Dealt for This Game?

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150014
Author(s):  
Michaela Staníčková ◽  
Lenka Fojtíková
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

An old Chinese proverb says, “if you want to be rich, build a path”. The People’s Republic of China (from now on, China) has already verified this proverb’s validity in the old Silk Road. The oldest and most famous trade route in history has managed to help China and the surrounding region reach an imaginary peak in its time. Today, after centuries of unrest, wars, economic decline, and international isolation, China is once again building a path to help it return to the world’s most developed nations, the New Silk Road, respectively the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI has been defined as “the most eye-catching and possibly the one with the longest-term significance” (Ferdinand, 2017) [“Westward Ho — The China Dream and ‘One Belt, One Road’: Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping,” in Weiqing Song, ed., China’s Relations with Central and Eastern Europe: From “Old Comrades” to New Partners (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 1–18]. The Silk Road project was introduced in 2013 by the Chinese President Xi Jinping in response to the economic crisis and the subsequent effort to find new markets and trading partners. The BRI restores the idea of the ancient Silk Road. The BRI is thus the result of a changed approach to foreign policy and the idea of opening up China. However, this policy cannot be perceived only as economic cooperation, but a well-thought-out Chinese foreign policy to expand its influence not only in Asia. The Sinocentric view of the world is thus one of the fundamental aspects of Chinese foreign policy formation. What will the country have to deal with in the future and, above all, what can we expect from China? This paper aims to provide insights into the visions proposed by the BRI, i.e. to capture the main milestones in the current development of the BRI, detailed analysis of its nature, and its current situation and implementation.

“Between Japan and California”: Imaginative Pacific Geography and East Asian Culture in Penelope Aubin’s The Noble Slaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-60
Author(s):  
Yoojung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Far East ◽  
Robinson Crusoe ◽  
The North ◽  
East Asian Culture ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Imaginative Geography ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
The North Pacific

Penelope Aubin’s mixed-up representation of Japan and the Pacific in The Noble Slaves (1722) has long been considered as an indication of the author’s insufficient geographical knowledge. In this essay, I reassess the East Asian setting of The Noble Slaves in the context of eighteenth-century geographical discourses. By examining Herman Moll’s maps as possible source materials, I argue that Aubin’s imaginative geography reflects not her personal ignorance but the limitations and uncertainties of contemporary cartographical knowledge about the North Pacific. Aubin uses the speculative nature of early Enlightenment geographical discourses for a narrative experiment and reimagining of East Asia. Aubin’s unique representation of East Asian cultures, such as Japanese Christian “Indians” and the ancient pagan temple, hinges on the emotions of wonder and curiosity, which can be read as a criticism of Robinson Crusoe’s hostile attitude toward the Far East in Daniel Defoe’s The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719). This essay ultimately situates Aubin as a significant participant in early eighteenth-century knowledge production about the world.

The Crimean War in the Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (135) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Baltic

Few wars have a more misleading name than the Crimean War. Far from being a local conflict, fought in the Black Sea peninsula from which the name derives, hostilities took place in many different areas of the globe. Major military operations, largely between Turks (siding with Britain and France) and Russians, occurred in the Balkans and the Caucasus, and a considerable naval effort was made by the British and French to prosecute the war against Russia in the Baltic and Black seas, and also in the Far East and the Pacific (Stephan 1969). The war even reached North America; elements of the Royal Navy reconnoitred Russian settlements in Alaska in 1855 (Tyrrell 1856, 2: 355).

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