scholarly journals The limitations of the European economic integration

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-439
Author(s):  
Radovan Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Border Regions

It is an important result of economic theory that integration might alter the allocation of resources within a country as well as between countries. Moreover, there are theory-based arguments suggesting that border regions might have an advantage in attracting resources due to their specific location in the center of the integration area. In this paper author have highlighted the continued empirical importance of national borders, even within the EU, which exhibits a much higher degree of economic integration than has been achieved at the global level. Perhaps even more surprising is that capital flows show distinctly similar patterns, a bias towards investment in the home market. In fact it would appear that these two phenomena are closely linked. Thus, whilst globalization has had profound effects on economic actors there is little to suggest that the traditional role for governments in OECD countries in providing social welfare and in regulating the domestic market economy are being undermined. If these borders to international commerce are impervious to further policy initiatives, or if their removal would reduce welfare by, for example undermining individual preferences, then the frictionless world foreseen by some where national administrations become largely impotent in affecting domestic economic outcomes is unlikely to occur. Thus, future discussions concerning global governance will take place between sovereign states that retain substantial discretion in economic policy making in an environment of considerable differences in economic and political power. The author have noted, however, that this situation is apparent for the industrialized countries. In developing countries the situation may be very different. The range of policies that is available in OECD countries is not accessible to many developing countries. In addition the social and business networks and the nature of consumer preferences, which have evolved over many years in OECD countries, and which are key elements in differentiating national from international markets, are not developed to the same extent or take forms which may be inconsistent with and undermined by the increasing use of the market mechanism.

The Knowledge Economy as a Development Potential for Industrialized Countries and a Perspective for Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Fredj Fhima ◽  
Walid Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Education System ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Development Potential ◽  
Knowledge Based

Based on a panel of 51 countries (22 developed and 29 developing) for a period from 2002 to 2012, this study develops a number of indicators and indexes to compare these two groups of countries according to their knowledge economy content. Results show that in OECD countries, knowledge plays a central role in economic performance and growth. These countries have managed to convert knowledge to ability; they are called knowledge-based economies. Developing countries, although they use knowledge, only few of them are regarded as knowledge-based. The success of a strategy of building the knowledge economy requires investments in knowledge which translates into expenditures on research and development and a strong education system.

Valuation of biodiversity within a north–south trade model

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO CABO
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Capital Intensive

Under a General Equilibrium model of International Trade, industrialized countries export capital intensive goods, while developing countries export natural resource intensive goods. Biodiversity is viewed as the number of species conserved while producing these goods. Higher conservation increases demand, but lowers goods supply. Consumers value biodiversity as the weighted sum of all the different species. If producers of both goods conserve more species, the South's terms of trade will rise in relation to the North's. Furthermore, we believe that a switch in consumer preferences, to a more homogeneous valuation of the species, is likely. This change would drop the South's terms of trade. Therefore, under these circumstances, this region is facing a risk. In conserving additional species, the South would be better off, both because its terms of trade increases and because the risk associated with a switch in preferences decreases.

Competition Policy for the New Era

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Collective Wisdom ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The World

This book presents a new stage in the contributions of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to the development of Competition Law and policy. These countries have significant influence in their respective regions and in the world. The changing global environment means greater political and economic role for the BRICS and other emerging countries. BRICS countries are expected to contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product growth by 2020. For more than a century, the path of Competition Law has been defined by the developed and industrialized countries of the world. Much later, developing countries and emerging economies came on the scene. They experience many of the old competition problems, but they also experience new problems, and experience even the old problems differently. Where are the fora to talk about Competition Law and policy fit for developing and emerging economies? The contributors in this book are well-known academic and practising economists and lawyers from both developed and developing countries. The chapters begin with a brief introduction of the topic, followed by a critical discussion and a conclusion. Accordingly, each chapter is organized around a central argument made by its author(s) in relation to the issue or case study discussed. These arguments are thoughtful, precise, and very different from each another. Each chapter is written to be a valuable freestanding contribution to our collective wisdom. The set of case studies as a whole helps to build a collection of different perspectives on competition policy.

The awakening information needs of the developing countries

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn V. Tell
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Online Systems ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Centres Of Excellence

The developing countries arc emulating the industrialized countries when setting up information services to cater for their information needs. However, the traditional infrastruc ture of service organisations may not be the best model for supporting easy and speedy access to information. A different approach is argued, founded upon the enthusiasm with which many developing countries have taken to online systems when demonstrated there. A model for a ministerial information network is proposed as part of a "social intel ligence function" of the country. It is proposed that Unesco and UNIDO should set up regional "centres of excellence" according to this model for developing countries.

scholarly journals Manually operated pile driver for use in the south Iraqi Marshlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Monti ◽  
Giuseppe Rossi ◽  
Stefano Simonini ◽  
Francesco Sorbetti Guerri ◽  
Matteo Barbari
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Pile Driver ◽  
Floating Pier

Anthropizations are necessary to implement the maintenance, recovery and utilization of wetlands. These interventions should be sustainable in every sense, in particular they should be marked by a low environmental impact. In general this aim can be achieved by using natural materials and carrying out procedures minimally invasive. In Developing Countries the latter point is often supported by the lack of equipment and energy availability, normally obtainable in Industrialized Countries. In practice, to build micro-infrastructures with the above said characteristics, it is normally necessary to drive poles, in our case in wood, in marshland’s soil. In order to accomplish this task a manually operated pile driver was designed and built. To operate in the water, a floating pier consisting of removable modular elements was also designed.

Foreign nurse recruitment

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Christine Delucas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Healthcare Crisis ◽  
Source Countries ◽  
Foreign Nurse

Recruitment of nurses by industrialized nations from developing countries has been common practice for decades. Globalization, a crucial trend of the 21st century, raises the world’s awareness of the economic and social disparities between nations. The direct impact on nurse emigration emphasizes the ethical, economic, and social inequalities between source and destination countries. It is often more cost-effective for industrialized countries to recruit from developing countries; however, the depletion of source country resources has created a global healthcare crisis. Destination countries are being challenged on the ethical implications of aggressive recruitment and their lack of developing a sustainable self-sufficient domestic workforce. Similarly, source countries are confronting the same challenges as they struggle to fund and educate adequate numbers of nurses for domestic needs and emigrant replacement. This article will review the ethical, economic, and social impacts of continued unrestricted international recruitment of nurses and present a proposal for development of an international treaty addressing global sustainability.

scholarly journals Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreddine Benkerroum
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Practical Standpoint

Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situation exists in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from access to the market of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-facetted aflatoxin problems, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.

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