scholarly journals Physical and chemical characterization of the particulate matter suspended in aerosols from the urban area of Belgrade

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1319-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasminka Joksic ◽  
Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic ◽  
Alena Bartonova ◽  
Mirjana Radenkovic ◽  
Karl-Espen Yttri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Secondary Ions ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Within this study, attempts were made to characterize the coarse and fine particulate aerosol fractions in urban area of Belgrade and define the inorganic chemical composition of the aerosol fractions. For this purpose, daily deposits of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions were collected during spring and autumn sampling periods in 2007 and analyzed for the PM mass concentrations, trace elements and secondary ions. The results obtained in the two campaigns showed average daily mass concentrations of 37 and 44 ?g/m3 for PM10, 22 and 23 ?g/m3 for PM2.5 and 15 and 17 ?g/m3 for the finest particulate matter fraction PM1 with the maximums exceeding the limit values set by the EU air quality regulations. A correlation with the gas-phase ambient air pollutants SO2, NO2 and O3 was found and is discussed. The concentrations of trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb and Th) and secondary ions (NO3 -, SO4 2-, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+ and Na+) determined in the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 aerosol fractions showed levels and distributions indicating soil and traffic-related sources as the main pollution sources. This study was conducted as the first step of PM assessment in order to point out main air pollution sources and suggest a remedy strategy specific for this region.

Particulate Matter in Ambient Air

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Görgen ◽  
Udo Lambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Time Extension ◽  
The Eu

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated the negative effect of particulate matter on human health. The EU therefore introduced ambitious limit values for particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air as early as 1999: an annual limit and a daily limit that can be exceeded on up to 35 days a year. These values are binding since 2005. The daily limit is still exceeded in many cities throughout Europe. Heated debates on the future of the daily limit are taking place at all levels of the EU in the context of the negotiations on the Commission's proposal on a new Air Quality Directive. Suggestions range from allowing a compliance time extension to increasing the number of days the daily limit can be exceeded, and abolition of the daily limit value. The deliberations have not yet been concluded, but the decisive European institutions have voiced support for keeping the daily limit while at the same time extending the compliance deadline. In this article, we will make the point that the problem can most probably be solved by allowing a compliance extension of around 5 years after the new directive enters into force. This would give the competent local authorities and the EU the time necessary to intensify their measures in order to comply with the daily limit in most areas where it is currently exceeded. An increase in the number of days the limit values may be exceeded, as called for by the European Parliament (EP), would therefore amount to an unnecessary lowering of the limit value.

scholarly journals Airborne Carcinogenic Trace Elements Distribution Associated with Long Term Exposure in Makkah Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Heba M. Adly ◽  
Saleh A. K. Saleh ◽  
Abdulla A. Saati ◽  
Samir H. Fatani
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Air Dispersion ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
One Year

Background: More than 4 million international pilgrims visit Makkah each year during the Hajj and Umrah seasons. Since trace elements are natural ingredients that endure general biogeochemical cycling, conversion functions between environmental loadings, mass levels, and exposed receptors. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of carcinogenic trace element levels related to long term exposure. Methods: Particulate Matter (PM10) sampling was conducted at six locations (Al-Haram, Arafat, Muzdalifah, Aziziyah, Al Nuzhah, and Al Awali). On-site measurement parameters included ambient temperature, wind speed, and direction over 37 weeks. Samples were investigated for Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni levels with inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Quality assurance measures were achieved separately by analyzing a control sample to certify reliability, reproducibility, and linearity for each analysis. Results: Average particulate matter concentration for a one-year period presented significant variability, which exceeded the WHO guidelines for average exposure (25.0 µgm-3). PM10 average concentrations during round-1 (Spring), round-2 (Summer), round-3 (Autumn) and round-4 (Winter) were 120.1 ± 52.2 µgm-3, 223.4 ± 30.4 µgm-3, 77.6 ± 36.72, and 89 ± 62.7 µgm-3, respectively. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni were found to be 0.098, 0.008, 0.26, 0.03, and 0.012 µgm-3, respectively. Conclusion: PM10 concentration was highly correlated (p-value <0.005) with Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni; thereby indicating the influence of manufacturing discharges and pollutants transported over long-distances. Higher ambient air temperatures may cause atmospheric instability in low air dispersion around Makkah. This highlights the importance of continuous air monitoring and calculation of dose exposure levels of both PM10 and trace elements.

scholarly journals Chemical Characterization of PM10 Particulate Matter in the Ambient Air of a Region of Central Italy (Umbria)

2015 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Mara Galletti ◽  
Silvia Castellini ◽  
Andrea Pileri ◽  
Caterina Austeri ◽  
Marco Pompei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Ambient Air

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of ambient air PM10 contami-nation during winter periods for Ruse region, Bulgaria.

2018 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 01007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Tsvetanova ◽  
Ivanka Zheleva ◽  
Margarita Filipova ◽  
Antoaneta Stefanova
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Contamination Levels

The sources of dust on the territory of Ruse region, Bulgaria are industry, transport and domestic heating by solid fuel. PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm) levels for Ruse mark a significant increase during the autumn-winter period compared to the levels during the spring-summer period [1]. Obviously there is a relationship between PM10 contamination levels and ambient air temperature. The lower the temperatures are, the higher the PM10 levels are. The biggest peak of PM10 levels for the autumn-winter period is usually observed in January months. It is in January that the number of days in which there is exceedance of the limit values of the PM10 levels is maximum observed. Also in January months the day and night temperatures are the lowest and usually they do not pass 0°C for many days of the month. To understand better this relationship we provide a statistical analysis of ambient air PM10 contamination during winter periods. Correlations between the measured PM10 values and the respective temperatures measured for January months for different years are presented. Descriptive statistics of PM10 and some atmospheric characteristics as well as linear regression analysis are calculated and commented in the paper.

Control of Fine Particulate Matter by Means of High Efficiency ePTFE Membrane Filter Laminates

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gernot G. Pranghofer
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Council Directive

The COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION has enacted laws to improve the quality of the ambient air: The “COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air” and the “DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe”. The Member States had to bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with these Directives. These Directives are raising the expectations on the reduction of fine particulate matter on the potential emitters, mainly public traffic, industry and waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. Although there is currently no European regulation on stack emissions of fine particulate matter, local regulatory authorities have tightened the emission limits of total particulate matter. For example, quite a number of Italian WtE plants are expected to meet dust emission levels of less than 2 mg/m3. In order to assure compliance strong efforts and large investments have been made to optimize the efficiency of their APC system. Different dust filtration technologies will be compared and the filtration principles of depth filtration and surface filtration will be detailed. A comparison of an experimental study and the practical performance of the different technologies are discussed. Special focus will be given to the development and application of High Efficiency Membrane Filter Laminates for retention of fine particulate matter. These filter materials consist of micro-porous expanded PolyTetraFluoroEthylene (ePTFE) membranes laminated onto suitable backing materials, retention rates of > 99.99% of PM2.5 have been achieved. A number of large European WtE plants have already completed their APC upgrades by using the High Efficiency Membrane Filter Laminates. Some of them are on operation for a couple of years, performance reviews will be detailed.

scholarly journals Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter in Changzhou, China, and source apportionment with offline aerosol mass spectrometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 2573-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaolian Ye ◽  
Jiashu Liu ◽  
Aijun Gu ◽  
Feifei Feng ◽  
Yuhai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Fine Particulate

Abstract. Knowledge of aerosol chemistry in densely populated regions is critical for effective reduction of air pollution, while such studies have not been conducted in Changzhou, an important manufacturing base and populated city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. This work, for the first time, performed a thorough chemical characterization on the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples, collected during July 2015 to April 2016 across four seasons in this city. A suite of analytical techniques was employed to measure the organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), trace elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5; in particular, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to probe the chemical properties of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). The average PM2.5 concentration was found to be 108.3 µg m−3, and all identified species were able to reconstruct ∼ 80 % of the PM2.5 mass. The WSIIs occupied about half of the PM2.5 mass (∼ 52.1 %), with SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ as the major ions. On average, nitrate concentrations dominated over sulfate (mass ratio of 1.21), indicating that traffic emissions were more important than stationary sources. OC and EC correlated well with each other and the highest OC ∕ EC ratio (5.16) occurred in winter, suggesting complex OC sources likely including both secondary and primary ones. Concentrations of eight trace elements (Mn, Zn, Al, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb) can contribute up to ∼ 5.0 % of PM2.5 during winter. PAH concentrations were also high in winter (140.25 ng m−3), which were predominated by median/high molecular weight PAHs with five and six rings. The organic matter including both water-soluble and water-insoluble species occupied ∼ 21.5 % of the PM2.5 mass. SP-AMS determined that the WSOA had average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O ∕ C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H ∕ C), nitrogen-to-carbon (N ∕ C), and organic matter-to-organic carbon (OM ∕ OC) ratios of 0.54, 1.69, 0.11, and 1.99, respectively. Source apportionment of WSOA further identified two secondary OA (SOA) factors (a less oxidized and a more oxidized oxygenated OA) and two primary OA (POA) factors (a nitrogen-enriched hydrocarbon-like traffic OA and a local primary OA likely including species from cooking, coal combustion, etc.). On average, the POA contribution outweighed SOA (55 % vs. 45 %), indicating the important role of local anthropogenic emissions in the aerosol pollution in Changzhou. Our measurement also shows the abundance of organic nitrogen species in WSOA, and the source analyses suggest these species are likely associated with traffic emissions, which warrants more investigations on PM samples from other locations.

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