scholarly journals Kinetics of aniline polymerization initiated with iron(III) chloride

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 895-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Nestorovic ◽  
Katarina Jeremic ◽  
Slobodan Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Integer Number ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Aqueous Acid ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Faraday Law ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Aniline Polymerization

The reaction kinetics of the chemical polymerization of aniline in aqueous acid solutions with FeCl3 as the oxidant (initiator) was investigated at 25?C. The polymerization was performed in a special reactor which enabled the initial concentration of oxidant to be kept constant during the polymerization reaction. The order of the reaction of ANI polymerization with respect to FeCl3 was calculated as n=0.18. The rate constant k of the polymerization reaction was found to be 9.1x10-5(mol dm-3)-1,18 s-1. The theoretical yield of the reaction was calculated using the Faraday law and the experimentally determined quantity of electricity exchanged during the polymerization reaction. There was a discrepancy between the experimentally and theoretically determined yield, indicating that the oxidant was being consumed in some side reactions, which is an accordance with the fact that the order of the reaction of ANI polymerization with respect to FeCl3 is a non-integer number.

Kinetics of the dissociation of tris(1,10-phenanthroline) iron(III) complex ion in aqueous acid solutions. A mechanistic model for product specificity

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kambhampati Sriramam ◽  
Brahmandam S. R. Sarma ◽  
Konidena Kalidas ◽  
Janapati Sreelakshmi ◽  
Chintalapudi Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Product Specificity ◽  
Aqueous Acid ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Complex Ion

Kinetics of oxidation and dissolution of uranium dioxide in aqueous acid solutions

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralie Gaulard-Balandret ◽  
Nathalie Larabi-Gruet ◽  
Frédéric Miserque ◽  
Jean Radwan ◽  
Cécile Ferry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uranium Dioxide ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Kinetics Of Oxidation ◽  
Aqueous Acid ◽  
Kinetics Of

Functionalized Poly-Imide–Amides: Molten State Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-223
Author(s):  
Marie-Florence Grenier-Loustalot ◽  
Marc Trillaud ◽  
Philippe Grenier
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Molten State ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Basic Study ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
C Nmr

Molten state polymerization reaction mechanisms and kinetics of telechelic polyimide–amides (PIA) were investigated. We conducted a basic study of the reactions of these functionalized systems as a function of the chemical structure of the polymer. Since reaction products very rapidly became insoluble, the study was carried out on model compounds characteristic of reactive chain ends. The data obtained were applied to the study of industrial prepolymers. Different model compounds were synthesized and studied in the temperature range of 100 to 300 °C using such physicochemical methods as HPLC, 1H and 13C NMR (liquid and solid), FTIR and DSC. We were thus able to determine a number of precise parameters characteristic of the different reactions occurring (isomerization, crosslinking, co-reactions and side reactions). The results were applied to the study of 1500 molecular weight prepolymers and preimpregnated carbon fibres.

Reactions of Ethylene with Rhodium (III) Chloride. Part III. The Catalytic Oxidation of Ethylene to Acetaldehyde in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Containing Pentachloroaquorhodate(III)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1698-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. James ◽  
M. Kastner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Gas Uptake ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Aqueous Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Solutions ◽  
Kinetics Of

In the presence of iron(III) or other oxidants, aqueous acid chloride solutions of RhCl5(H2O)2− catalyze under mild conditions the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde. The kinetics of the reaction measured by gas-uptake techniques indicate the presence of both ethylene dependent and independent paths. Besides fully protonated anions, hydroxy species such as RhCl5 (OH)3− and RhCl4(OH)(H2O)2−, although present in very small concentrations, are significantly reactive towards ethylene. A mechanism, based on that postulated for a similar palladium(II) system in the well-known Wacker process, is presented. Under our reaction conditions the slow steps in the rhodium system involve formation of π-complexes in the ethylene dependent paths and the formation of tetrachlororhodate(III) complexes in the ethylene independent paths. Iron(III) regenerates the rhodium(III) catalyst by oxidation of the rhodium(I). Rate constants are estimated for the various reaction paths.

Carbon tetrachloride biodegradation in a fixed-biofilm reactor and its kinetic study

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Jin ◽  
A. J. Englande
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Pseudomonas Cepacia ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Biphasic Model ◽  
Providencia Stuartii ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Fixed Biofilm

Kinetics of Carbon Tetrachloride biodegradation are evaluated in a continuous-flow fixed-biofilm reactor with controlled initial redox potential. The column was seeded with a mixed culture of indigenous microorganisms Pseudomonas cepacia and Providencia stuartii. The fixed biofilm reactor exhibited 98%–99.9% biodegradation of CT introduced into the reactor at an initial concentration of about 200 μg/l for retention times of 1 to 4 days respectively. Four models were employed to evaluate the kinetics of CT biodegradation. These included: Eckenfelder (1989), Arvin (1991), Bouwer and McCarty (1985) and a biphasic model. Comparison of calculated results with observed results between these models agreed very closely to each other (0.968 < R2 < 0.999). Predicted performance was best described by the model of Bouwer and McCarty (1985). However, the biphasic and Eckenfelder models provided excellent correlations and were much simpler to apply. The biphasic model yielded very good correlations of the data for all detention times evaluated; whereas, the Eckenfelder model effected comparable results only at the longer retention times studied.

The mechanism of the anionic coordination polymerization of isoprene

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 2391-2399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kašpar ◽  
Jiří Trekoval
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Polymerization Kinetics ◽  
Coordination Polymerization ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Kinetics Of

The polymerization kinetics of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) in benzene with butyllithium as the initiator was investigated by the gas chromatographic method. After completion of the initial period of the reaction, its order with respect to the initial concentration of initiator is negative at the concentrations of the latter between 0.01 and 0.25 mol/l, and positive at higher concentrations. A reaction scheme has been suggested with respect to the "cross" association of butyllithium and of the "living" oligoisoprene.

The effect of electrondonors on the polymerization kinetics of isoprene

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 3338-3346
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kašpar ◽  
Jiří Trekoval
Keyword(s):  
Induction Period ◽  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Reaction Order ◽  
Propagation Rate ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Polymerization Kinetics ◽  
Polymerization Rate ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effect of small additions of 1-octene, butyl ethyl ether and triethylamine on the polymerization kinetics of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) in benzene initiated with butyllithium was investigated by employing the GLC analysis. The addition of 1-octane was reflected only in a shorter induction period of the reaction; the effect on the propagation rate was insignificant. With the increasing amount of butyl ethyl ether, the polymerization rate increases linearly, while the reaction order with respect to the concentration of triethylamine is variable and increases from 0.33 to 0.66 with the increasing concentration of the initiator. For a constant concentration of triethylamine, the reaction order with respect to the initial concentration of the initiator was found to vary considerably, reaching even negative values. A reaction scheme was suggested, taking into account the competition between two different solvates of alkyllithium.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Non-Enzymatic Synthesis of Dipeptide Cbz-Phe-Leu with AOT Reversed Micelles

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Michiaki Matsumoto ◽  
Tadashi Hano
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Ph Dependency ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Aot Reversed Micelles

The non-enzymatic synthesis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine (Cbz-Phe-Leu) from lipophilic N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine (Cbz-Phe) and hydrophilic L-leucine (Leu), by N, N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a condensing agent, was carried out using a reversed micellar system composed of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a surfactant and isooctane. We successfully synthesized Cbz-Phe-Leu in a short time and investigated the effects of its operational conditions, the DCC concentration, w0, and the pH on the kinetic parameters and the maximum yields. For dipeptide synthesis, we had to add an excess of DCC with the substrates because of the side reactions of Cbz-Phe. From the pH dependency of the reactivity, a partially cationic form of Leu was better for a synthesis reaction because of the enrichment of Leu at the interface by anionic AOT. The optimum water content on the dipeptide synthesis was w0 = 28 due to the competition of the peptide synthesis and the side reactions. The maximum yield of Cbz-Phe-Leu was 0.565 at 80 h under optimum experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Microcystin-LR Removal in a Real Lake Water by UV/H2O2 Treatment and Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sorlini ◽  
Carlo Collivignarelli ◽  
Marco Carnevale Miino ◽  
Francesca Maria Caccamo ◽  
Maria Cristina Collivignarelli
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
H2o2 Treatment ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Kinetics Of

The hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) represents one of the most toxic cyanotoxins for human health. Considering its harmful effect, the World Health Organization recommended a limit in drinking water (DW) of 1 µg L−1. Due to the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments present in DW treatment plants against MC-LR, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining interest due to the high redox potential of the OH• radicals. In this work UV/H2O2 was applied to a real lake water to remove MC-LR. The kinetics of the UV/H2O2 were compared with those of UV and H2O2 showing the following result: UV/H2O2 > UV > H2O2. Within the range of H2O2 tested (0–0.9 mM), the results showed that H2O2 concentration and the removal kinetics followed an increasing quadratic relation. By increasing the initial concentration of H2O2, the consumption of oxidant also increased but, in terms of MC-LR degraded for H2O2 dosed, the removal efficiency decreased. As the initial MC-LR initial concentration increased, the removal kinetics increased up to a limit concentration (80 µg L−1) in which the presence of high amounts of the toxin slowed down the process. Operating with UV fluence lower than 950 mJ cm−2, UV alone minimized the specific energy consumption required. UV/H2O2 (0.3 mM) and UV/H2O2 (0.9 mM) were the most advantageous combination when operating with UV fluence of 950–1400 mJ cm−2 and higher than 1400 mJ cm−2, respectively.

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