scholarly journals State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 123-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Markotic ◽  
N. Dolic ◽  
V. Trujic
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
High Price ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Process Metallurgy ◽  
Modern Process ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Reduction Smelting

For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in the modern process metallurgy.

scholarly journals Valorization of Slags Produced by Smelting of Metallurgical Dusts and Lateritic Ore Fines in Manufacturing of Slag Cements

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theofani Tzevelekou ◽  
Paraskevi Lampropoulou ◽  
Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou ◽  
Aikaterini Rogkala ◽  
Petros Koutsovitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Glassy Matrix ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Reduction Smelting ◽  
Cooling Media ◽  
Cement Manufacturing

A pyrometallurgical process was developed for the recycling of Ni bearing dusts and laterite ore fines by direct reduction smelting in DC (direct current) arc furnace. In the course of the performed industrial trials, besides the Ni-recovery in the liquid bath, slag composition was deliberately adjusted in order to produce a series of metallurgical slags with different chemical and mineralogical composition. The aim of this study was to investigate their suitability as clinker substitute in cement manufacturing. Examined parameters were slag FeOx content, basicity and applied cooling media (air, water cooling). A series of composite Portland and slag cements were manufactured in laboratory scale incorporating 20% and 40% of each slag, respectively; the rest being clinker of OPC (ordinary Portland cement) and 5% gypsum. The extended mineralogical analysis and microstructural properties of the produced slags were examined and correlated with the properties of the produced cements. The physical and mechanical characteristics of all examined cement products were found to meet the requirements of the regulation set for cements. The present research revealed that the most critical parameter in the compressive strength development of the slag cements is the mineralogical composition of the slag. Even in cases where rapid cooling to obtain glassy matrix is not feasible, adjustment of slag analysis to obtain mineralogical phases similar to those met in clinker of OPC, even at higher FeO contents (up to ~21wt.%), can result in production of slag with considerable latent hydraulic properties. These results indicate that there is potentially space for adjustments in conventional EAF (electric arc furnace) steel slags composition to allow for their wider use in cement manufacturing with significant environmental and economic benefits resulting from the reduction of energy requirements, CO2 emissions and natural raw materials consumption.

The use of blast furnace slag and derived materials in the vitrification of electric arc furnace dust

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. López ◽  
E. Sáinz ◽  
A. López-delgado ◽  
L. Pascual ◽  
J. M. Fernández Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Dust ◽  
Furnace Slag

scholarly journals Kajian Literatur Parameter Proses Reduksi Selektif Bijih Nikel Laterit

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Fajar Nurjaman ◽  
Fathan Bahfie ◽  
Ulin Herlina ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Bambang Suharno
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Solid Liquid

Proses reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit merupakan salah satu metode pirometalurgi yang dilakukan dengan mereduksi senyawa besi dan nikel oksida dalam bijih nikel laterit pada temperatur 1100-1200°C menjadi logam ferronikel dengan membatasi metalisasi besi melalui penambahan aditif dan penggunaan jumlah reduktan yang terbatas. Kandungan dan perolehan  nikel dalam konsentrat semakin meningkat dengan semakin banyaknya aditif yang ditambahkan. Namun penambahan aditif dalam jumlah banyak akan meningkatkan biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif tersebut. Penggunaan reduktan batubara dengan kandungan sulfur tinggi memungkinkan untuk mensubstitusi penggunaan aditif. Proses reduksi selektif tidak hanya melibatkan reaksi solid-state melainkan juga melibatkan reaksi solid-liquid state. Oleh karena itu biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif juga dapat diminimalkan  melalui penggunaan basisitas yang optimal sehingga diperoleh kondisi proses dengan titik lebur fasa metalik dan non-metalik yang rendah. Dengan konsumsi energi/temperatur reduksi yang lebih rendah, diharapkan teknologi reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit mampu menggantikan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional (blast furnace dan rotary kiln electric arc furnace). Teknologi ini juga diharapkan mampu menjadi solusi permasalahan terkait pengolahan bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah (<1,7% Ni) yang ketersediaannya sangat berlimpah di dunia, dimana nilai keekonomisan yang diperoleh akan sangat rendah jika menggunakan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional.

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