scholarly journals Estimation of evaporative losses during storage of crude oil and petroleum products

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Marina Mihajlovic ◽  
Ana Veljasevic ◽  
Jovan Jovanovic ◽  
Mica Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Us Epa

Storage of crude oil and petroleum products inevitably leads to evaporative losses. Those losses are important for the industrial plants mass balances, as well as for the environmental protection. In this paper, estimation of evaporative losses was performed using software program TANKS 409d which was developed by the Agency for Environmental Protection of the United States - US EPA. Emissions were estimated for the following types of storage tanks: fixed conical roof tank, fixed dome roof tank, external floating roof tank, internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank. Obtained results show quantities of evaporated losses per tone of stored liquid. Crude oil fixed roof storage tank losses are cca 0.5 kg per tone of crude oil. For floating roof, crude oil losses are 0.001 kg/t. Fuel oil (diesel fuel and heating oil) have the smallest evaporation losses, which are in order of magnitude 10-3 kg/tone. Liquids with higher Reid Vapour Pressure have very high evaporative losses for tanks with fixed roof, up to 2.07 kg/tone. In case of external floating roof tank, losses are 0.32 kg/tone. The smallest losses are for internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank: 0.072 and 0.044, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the liquid with low volatility of low BTEX amount can be stored in tanks with fixed roof. In this case, the prevailing economic aspect, because the total amount of evaporative loss does not significantly affect the environment. On the other hand, storage of volatile derivatives with high levels of BTEX is not justified from the economic point of view or from the standpoint of the environment protection.

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN ALBA & PETROCARIBE NICOLAS MADURO MOROS UNTUK MENGHADAPI DOMINASI POLITIK NEOLIBERALISME AMERIKA SERIKAT DI VENEZUELA PADA TAHUN 2015 - 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laode Muhamad Fathun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Point ◽  
Negative Effect

Poverty in this country. During the reign of Chavez and Maduro the people felt a little prosperity again, but this is what America hates because America is finding it difficult to implement its neoliberalism policy in Venezuela. After the events that continue to happen, Maduro does not remain silent. Namely by continuing Chavez's socialist policies. Here the researcher uses the theory of foreign policy decision making by Alex Mintz to explain what factors influence Maduro policy and here the researcher uses the concept of national interest to explain what Maduro's interests are in this policy, this research methodology is qualitative explanatory using interviews as data. secondary and librarian as primary data. This research finds 4 main factors in Nicolas Maduro's foreign policy. From the social condition of Venezuela itself which is very crisis-ridden to the point where there is a split between the layers of society, Maduro finally does not listen to the people's complaints to him, then from a psychological point of view, Maduro, who really hates the United States, has a very tough mindset that he is too confident in his beliefs. In order to be able to fight America, in the end his belief was not in accordance with expectations and instead had a negative effect. Therefore, it is clear that emotions play an important role in important political decisions. From an economic point of view, Venezuela is no longer able to support its own country in economic terms. If this country supports itself, there will be greater destruction

A REVIEW OF OIL-IN-WATER MONITORING TECHNIQUES

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 1375-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lambert ◽  
Mike Goldthorp ◽  
Ben Fieldhouse ◽  
Zhendi Wang ◽  
Mervin F. Fingas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT A comprehensive laboratory study of the Turner Instrument flow-through fluorometers was conducted to review their ability to measure real-time oil-in-water concentrations, to compare the results to alternative total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) procedures and to carry out supporting laboratory analysis in order to further understand the relationship of the fluorescent signal to the composition of the oils. The model 10 AU was equipped with the long wavelength optical kit for crude oils while the model 10 was equipped with the short wavelength optical kit for diesel fuels and light refined oil products. Eight oils and the dispersant COREXIT®9500 were used. The oils were Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Prudhoe Bay crude oil (0% and 27% weathered), Bunker C fuel oil (0% and 8% weathered), and diesel fuel (0% and 37% weathered). Efforts were made to establish a calibration procedure which was used to convert the real-time fluorometer data to oil concentration. Initial comparisons of the fluorometer results to standard infrared and gas chromatography laboratory procedures showed all methods capable of detecting and differentiating between small changes in oil concentration. The infrared and gas chromatography generated similar values while the fluorometer values were of the same order of magnitude but typically 20 to 80% higher.

scholarly journals EVALUASI PERHITUNGAN DAN PELAPORAN PAJAK PPH 22 ATAS PENEBUSAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK DI PT.PERTAMINA MANADO

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerald Brilliant Kussoy ◽  
David Paul Elia Saerang ◽  
Winston Pontoh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Filling Station

Taxes are the main source of state revenue. Without taxes, the majority of state activities is difficult to be implemented. One of the biggest contributor to state revenue is taxes from the oil and gas industry. Fuel ( BBM ) is one type of fuel produced from refining crude oil . Crude oil from the earth refinery processed in advance to produce oil products, which including the fuel. Associated with the tax code, the fuel tax is the object of section 22 is subject to income tax levied by Pertamina and entities other than Pertamina engaged in the sale of fuel over petroleum products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tax calculation and reporting of the top 22 pph fuel redemption is in accordance with the PMK 154/03/2010. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis. The findings of this study is the calculation done by PT. Pertamina on the sale of products or the goods are delivered fuel oil, gas, and lubricants have done well or in accordance with the provisions of applicable tax of 0.30 % of the sales price in the gas station filling station Sindulang as Private, in income tax article 22 reporting PT. Pertamina already fully in accordance with the tax regulations ,reporting not later than 20 days after the tax period ends.

scholarly journals SORBENT PERFORMANCE STUDY FOR CRUDE AND REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
L. Michael Flaherty ◽  
Julie M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Petroleum Product ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Protection Agency

ABSTRACT This paper presents information on the use of sorbents to contain and clean up crude oil and refined petroleum product spills on water and land. Sorbent literature sources have been reviewed, and information has been consolidated under contract to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper addresses types of sorbents, sorbent performance criteria, tests performed in previous studies, guidance on sorbent application, and profiles of generic types of organic, inorganic, and synthetic sorbents. It also considers, to a lesser degree, the use of sorbents on hazardous substances.

Marine Oil Spill Simulation: A Scenario-Based Classroom Application of Meteorology and Oceanography to Environmental Protection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 292696
Author(s):  
Lucy S. Vlietstra ◽  
Karina L. Mrakovcich ◽  
Peter A. Tebeau ◽  
Gregory J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Intelligence Agency

Predicting oil spill impacts and designing an effective response requires knowledge from several disciplines, including environmental chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, and marine ecology. In this poster, we describe an interactive computer modeling exercise that expands student understanding of principles in the natural sciences by applying them to an oil spill response scenario. The exercise is based on the software package, GNOME v.1.3.7, available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Students begin by selecting one of numerous coastal locations in the United States and an oil product to be spilled (e.g., medium crude, diesel fuel, No. 6 fuel oil). They predict oil drift trajectories by accessing surface weather analysis charts, upper air charts, and marine forecasts produced by the National Weather Service as well as real-time oceanographic data available from NOAA's Data Buoy Center and the Tides and Currents database. Students consult the Atlas of Pilot Charts from the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency to evaluate any influence of large-scale currents. Drawing from knowledge of the chemical properties of oil, weathering processes, leeway, Ekman dynamics, tides, and geostrophic flow, students forecast the amount and location of oil remaining after 48 hours. Predictions are tested in GNOME, which simulates an oil spill with the chosen characteristics, at the chosen location, under the same environmental conditions. Based on the model results, students evaluate environmental impacts by referring to Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps for affected coastlines. These maps are available from NOAA's Office of Prevention and Response and contain site-specific information on shoreline habitat sensitivity, conservation status of biological populations, and location of vulnerable coastal infrastructure. Students prioritize areas for protection and design a response plan with appropriate clean-up countermeasures. Response plans are communicated to the instructor in the form of a recommendation addressed to the Captain of the Port. This exercise has been successfully incorporated into several courses at the Coast Guard Academy, with modifications to accommodate various audiences and learning objectives. All versions include multidisciplinary and collaborative learning techniques, higher-level cognitive thinking, and communication requirements. Data and software packages for this exercise are freely available from federal government websites, making possible its widespread use at other colleges and agencies seeking to provide students with hands-on opportunities to explore scientific concepts in the context of environmental protection.

A Statistical Model for Estimating Natural Resource Damages from Oil Spills

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Dunford ◽  
Miranda L. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
Time Required

ABSTRACT This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in past natural resource damage (NRD) settlements (excluding assessment costs) for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors, such as the amount of oil spilled, the type of oil spilled, and the geographic location of the spill. The results of this statistical model indicate that, other things being equal, NRD settlements are higher for larger oil spills, spills in California, spills that occur in the winter months (December, January, and February), and when endangered species are injured. Alternatively, other things being equal, NRD settlements are lower for spills of light crude oil than for other types of petroleum products (mainly heavy crude oil), and spills with unvalued compensatory restoration projects. In this paper, the authors use their statistical model to predict a point estimate and range for the NRD settlement for two hypothetical oil spills. This demonstrates that their statistical model could be used to predict the NRD settlement for future oil spills within a few weeks of occurring, which could significantly shorten the time required to reach a settlement.

Introduction to this special section: India

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Soman Chacko ◽  
Satchidananda Rath ◽  
Pranab Sen ◽  
Subrata Kumar Das
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Special Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

India is currently the third-largest global consumer of petroleum products after the United States and China. The country produces approximately 720,000 barrels of crude oil and 3.16 billion ft3 of gas per day and imports more than 80% of its oil and 50% of its gas needs. This large discrepancy between domestic supply and consumption has been rising rapidly of late. With an economy growing at 6%–8% per year, India's energy demand growth over the next couple of decades is forecast to be among the highest in the world. To mitigate the heavy dependence on imported energy, India has stepped up efforts in recent years to increase domestic production of oil and gas.

scholarly journals Pharmacoeconomics of Antibiotic Therapy

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl c) ◽  
pp. 42C-44C
Author(s):  
Jacques Le Lorier
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Economic Point

During the past few years new drugs with greatly improved efficacy have become available to physicians and their patients. The higher purchase price of these new drugs is quite important and is quoted as a significant cause of the escalating cost of health care. Antibiotics have played a highly visible role in this therapeutic scene and account for $1.2 billion of the yearly national pharmaceutical budget in the United States. From an economic point of view, costs arise because resources are limited and have alternative uses. The real cost of prescribing a new, more expensive drug, may be that other drugs and/or services become unavailable. Unsurprisingly, considering the magnitude of the slakes, we have seen the recent development and expansion of subsets of the field of health economics. Of these, cost of illness studies and pharmacoeconomics have played a prominent role. The ultimate objective of these relatively new tools is to help clinicians and decision makers in selling priori lies. A pharmacoeconomic study can have different perspectives. Cost and benefits can be calculated with respect to the patients', society's, the payers, or the health care providers, point of view. The perspective chosen for a study determines what is counted as cost or benefit; therefore, the economic impact of an intervention may be quite different depending on the perspective taken. Pharmacoeconomics is particularly relevant to antibiotic therapy since it can demonstrate that the price of acquisition of the drug plays a relatively modest part in the global pharmacoeconomic aspect of tl1c treatment of bacterial infections. This is easily understood when it is realized that failure to treat a bacterial infection due to an inadequate choice of antibiotic promptly can result in avoidable hospitalization, prolongation of hospitalization, permanent disability and even death.

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