scholarly journals Lipases as biocatalysts for biodiesel production

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevena Ognjanovic ◽  
Slobodan Petrovic ◽  
Dejan Bezbradica ◽  
Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Acyl Acceptors ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Poor Stability

Lipases can be used for a variety of biotechnological applications: synthesis of fine chemicals, therapeutics, agrochemicals, cosmetics, flavors, biopolymers and biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is environmentally acceptable. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides and short chain alcohols in the presence of an acid or an alkaline catalyst. There are several problems associated with this kind of production that can be resolved by using lipase as the biocatalyst. The usage of lipases has several advantages over the conventional chemical methods. It is considered as less energy intensive and environmentally friendly. However, there are two main obstacles associated with the effective utilization of lipases in the production of biodiesel. The main one is the cost of the enzyme and its poor stability in the presence of excess alcohol. Several strategies are proposed to overcome these drawbacks: immobilization of lipases, stepwise addition of alcohol, and the usage of novel acyl acceptors and the usage of whole cell biocatalysts.

scholarly journals Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel synthesis with different acyl acceptors

2008 ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevena Ognjanovic ◽  
Svetlana Saponjic ◽  
Dejan Bezbradica ◽  
Zorica Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acyl Acceptor ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Acyl Acceptors

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine that is environmentally acceptable. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides and short alcohols in the presence of an acid or an alkaline catalyst. There are several problems associated with this kind of production that can be resolved by using lipase as the biocatalyst. The aim of the present work was to investigate novel acyl acceptors for biodiesel production. 2-Propanol and n-butanol have a less negative effect on lipase stability, and they also improve low temperature properties of the fuel. However, excess alcohol leads to inactivation of the enzyme, and glycerol, a major byproduct, can block the immobilized enzyme, resulting in low enzymatic activity. This problem was solved by using methyl acetate as acyl acceptor. Triacetylglycerol is produced instead of glycerol, and it has no negative effect on the activity of the lipase.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils by Using Immobilized Microorganisms as Whole Cell Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Gui Xiong Zhou ◽  
Guan Yi Chen ◽  
Bei Bei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Immobilized Cell ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
The Cost

The main hurdle to the commercialization of lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the cost of enzyme and feedstock oil. In order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production, the lipase-producing whole cells ofAspergillus nigerand immobilized onto biomass support particles (BSPs) were used for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This article studies this technological process, focusing on optimization of several process parameters, including the water content, catalyst loading and molar ratio of methanol to waste cooking oil. The results indicate that the water content of 20%(based on oil weight), BSPs-immobilized cell catalysts of 6% and methanol/oil molar ratio of 4:1 are the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum methyl ester (ME) content in the reaction mixture reaches 84.7 wt.% after 72 h. In addition, the whole-cell biocatalysts showed excellent reusability, retaining 73% productivity after 6 batches. Our results suggest that whole-cell A. niger immobilized on BSP is a promising biocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.

scholarly journals The Recent Progress of Natural Sources and Manufacturing Process of Biodiesel: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5599
Author(s):  
Eko Supriyanto ◽  
Jayan Sentanuhady ◽  
Ariyana Dwiputra ◽  
Ari Permana ◽  
Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Ngee Sing Chong ◽  
Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽  
Saidi Abdulramoni ◽  
Shruthi Perna ◽  
Beng Guat Ooi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 448-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinoth E
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Waste Cooking Oils ◽  
New Energy ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
The Cost ◽  
No Emissions

Biodiesel is receiving increased attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable diesel fuel and contributes a minimum amount of net greenhouse gases, such as CO2, SO2 and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Exploring new energy resources, such as biofuel is of growing importance in recent years. The possibility of obtaining oil from plant resources has created a great importance in several countries. Vegetable oil after esterification being used as bio diesel, Considering the cost and demand of the edible oil is bearable, so it may be preferred for the preparation of bio diesel in India.  The transesterification of waste cooking oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amides, and guanidine and triamino (imino) phosphoranes) are described. Transesterification is carried in a reaction cavity, once the reaction is complete, glycerine and biodiesel are gravity separated.   

OP42 Cost-Benefit Of Computed Tomography In Secondary Hospitals In China

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 19-19
Author(s):  
Hui Sun ◽  
Yingyao Chen ◽  
Jian Ming ◽  
Yan Wei ◽  
Luyang He
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Equipment Utilization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost

INTRODUCTION:With the promotion of a tiered medical service system, secondary hospitals will play a more important role in the future. This study aims to explore the cost-benefit of computed tomography (CT) in secondary hospitals in China, with a view to providing information for overall economic management in hospitals as well as for regional planning of medical equipment in different areas.METHODS:Fifty-eight secondary hospitals from six provinces located in the eastern, central, and western regions of China were selected as the study sample. Questionnaires were used to collect information on the cost structure, efficiency, and benefits of CT in the secondary hospitals in the past 5 years. Cost analysis was conducted from the perspective of the hospitals, which mainly referred to direct fixed costs and variable costs. We analyzed the investment recovery years a, cost recovery rate b, and benefit-cost ratio to evaluate the economic benefits of CT. We also analyzed the technological benefits of CT based on its effective utilization rate c and positive detection rate. a:Investment recovery years = total original investment / (annual net income + annual depreciation expense)b:Cost recovery rate = average income per check / average cost per checkc:Effective utilization rate = single equipment utilization rate * positive detection rate(Single equipment utilization rate = actual working time / rated working time)RESULTS:Depreciation costs (36.3 percent) were the largest proportion of all costs over the 5-year period, followed by material costs (22.2 percent), maintenance costs (18.2 percent), labor costs (17.1 percent), and electricity consumption (1.2 percent). The investment recovery periods of CT in the eastern, central, and western regions were 2.5, 2.8, and 3.1 years, respectively; the cost recovery rates were 186.5 percent, 172.0 percent, and 174.1 percent, respectively; the benefit-cost ratios were 1.9, 1.7, and 1.7, respectively; the effective utilization rates were 46.1 percent, 58.3 percent, and 71.2 percent, respectively; and the positive detection rates were 52.3 percent, 60.5 percent, and 73.3 percent, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:The current study indicates that the cost-benefit of CT is good in secondary hospitals, especially in terms of economic benefits. But to achieve greater technological benefits in all three regions, more appropriate utilization of CT is needed.

scholarly journals Effective Utilization of Algae Biomass from Wastewater for Biodiesel Production by Direct Transesterification: A Promising Approach for Sustainable Bioenergy Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 2065-2068
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Lipid Source ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Stirring Intensity

Currently, biodiesel produced from algae is receiving a positive response as a substitute for conventional base diesel. To cope up from the costs of expensive downstream stages in the production of biodiesel from algae, present investigation is conducted using algae growing in wastewater as lipid source for biodiesel production. The in situ transesterification using algae was carried to optimize the effect of reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield. The parameters studied were: temperature (35-75 ºC), algae biomass (wt.) to methanol (vol.) ratio (1:1-1:6), catalyst concentration (25-100 wt. %) and stirring intensity (150-750 rpm). The optimum conditions for maximum biodiesel yield achieved were: catalyst concentration and algae biomass to methanol ratio were 60 % and 1:4, respectively with stirring intensity of 450 rpm at 55 ºC. The gas chromatographic studies and fuel properties of biodiesel also establish its potential to be used as fuel in existing engines in accordance to American and European standards.

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