scholarly journals Rheological properties of concentrated solutions of carboxymethyl starch

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeljko Stojanovic ◽  
Katarina Jeremic ◽  
Slobodan Jovanovic

Carboxymethyl starch was synthesized by the esterification of starch with monochloroacetic acid in ethanol as a reaction medium. Three samples of carboxymethyl starch having different degrees of substitution were prepared. The influence of temperature on the viscosity of concentrated carboxymethyl starch solutions, as well as the dynamic-mechanical properties of the concentrated solutions were investigated. The activation energy of viscous flow was determined and it was found that it decreased with increasing degree of substitution. The results of the dynamic-mechanical measurements showed that solutions of starch and carboxymethyl starches with higher degrees of substitution behave as gels. Values of the storage modulus in the rubbery plateau were used to calculate the molar masses between two points of physical crosslinking, the density of crosslinking and the distance between two points of crosslinking.

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M Stern ◽  
John W Berge ◽  
Sheldon F Kurath ◽  
Charoen Sakoonkim ◽  
John D Ferry

1956 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1575-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances E. Helders ◽  
John D. Ferry ◽  
Hershel Markowitz ◽  
L. J. Zapas

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R Saunders ◽  
Donald M Stern ◽  
Sheldon F Kurath ◽  
Charoen Sakoonkim ◽  
John D Ferry

Author(s):  
T. Geipel ◽  
W. Mader ◽  
P. Pirouz

Temperature affects both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons in a crystal. The Debye-Waller factor, B, describes the influence of temperature on the elastic scattering of electrons, whereas the imaginary part of the (complex) atomic form factor, fc = fr + ifi, describes the influence of temperature on the inelastic scattering of electrons (i.e. absorption). In HRTEM simulations, two possible ways to include absorption are: (i) an approximate method in which absorption is described by a phenomenological constant, μ, i.e. fi; - μfr, with the real part of the atomic form factor, fr, obtained from Hartree-Fock calculations, (ii) a more accurate method in which the absorptive components, fi of the atomic form factor are explicitly calculated. In this contribution, the inclusion of both the Debye-Waller factor and absorption on HRTEM images of a (Oll)-oriented GaAs crystal are presented (using the EMS software.Fig. 1 shows the the amplitudes and phases of the dominant 111 beams as a function of the specimen thickness, t, for the cases when μ = 0 (i.e. no absorption, solid line) and μ = 0.1 (with absorption, dashed line).


2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
V.A. Vilensky ◽  
◽  
L.V. Kobrina ◽  
S.V. Riabov ◽  
Y.Y. Kercha ◽  
...  

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