scholarly journals Anatomical features of bald cypress - exotic for meliorative afforestation

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Dusan Jokanovic ◽  
Nikolic Jokanovic ◽  
Aleksandar Andjelkovic ◽  
Katarina Lazarevic ◽  
Radoslav Lozjanin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The paper deals with height and density of woody rays per mm2 by bald cypress stems at two alluvial sites in Serbia (Veliko ratno ostrvo and Backa Palanka). Overall 6 stems (3 at one and 3 at another locality) were harvested. After that discs were made and they served for permanent anatomical preparations making. All necessary measurements were performed on these preparations. Inside each growth ring was selected 6 visible fields (3 at early- and 3 at latewood zone) and within all fields density of woody rays per mm2 was calculated. According to simple equation number of woody rays per mm2 was determined. As for height of woody rays, it was calculated by parenchyma cells counting. Researched bald cypress features were measured depending on 3 factors: cambial age, stem height and zone inside growth ring. As for relation between number and height of woody rays, there is obvious inverse - greater density of woody rays means they are shorter. The scope of the paper was to establish how height and number of woody rays per mm2 change depending on 3 observed factors - age, stem height and zone inside growth rings.

WOOD ANATOMY OF MYRCIARIA, NEOMITRANTHES, PLINIA AND SIPHONEUGENA SPECIES (MYRTEAE, MYRTACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel U.C.A. Santos ◽  
Cátia H. Callado ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Souza ◽  
Cecilia G. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Square Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Fruit Characters

Myrciaria, Neomitranthes, Plinia and Siphoneugena are closely related genera whose circumscriptions are controversial. The distinctions between Myrciaria vs. Plinia, and Neomitranthes vs. Siphoneugena, have been based on a few fruit characters. The wood anatomy of 24 species of these genera was examined to determine if wood anatomical features could help delimit the genera. It was determined the four genera cannot reliably be separated by wood anatomy alone. Characteristics seen in all four genera are: growth rings usually poorly-defined; diffuse porous; exclusively solitary vessels, usually circular to oval in outline; simple perforation plates; vessel-ray pits alternate and distinctly bordered; fibers with distinctly bordered pits in radial and tangential walls, usually very thickwalled; vasicentric tracheids typically absent; scanty paratracheal parenchyma, sometimes unilateral, and diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates; chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma in many species, usually both prismatic and smaller crystals; rays 1–4-seriate, uniseriate rays composed of upright/square cells, multiseriate rays with procumbent body cells and 1 to many marginal rows of upright/square cells; disjunctive ray parenchyma cells usually present.

WOOD ANATOMY OF WOLLEMI PINE (WOLLEMIA NOBILIS, ARAUCARIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Heady ◽  
J.G. Banks ◽  
P.D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
First Time

The wood anatomy of the recently-discovered conifer Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) is described for the first time. Its mature heartwood is light brown in colour and has an air dry density of 0.57 g /cm3. Growth ring boundaries are distinct and the transition from earlywood to latewood is gradual. Average tracheid length is ~ 3.4 mm. Bordered pits are one-, two- or three-seriate and the double and triple rows of pits are ‘alternate’. In the bordered pits there is a flat transition from torus to margo. A warty layer lines tracheid walls and pit cavity surfaces. Resin plugs are common in tracheids that are adjacent to rays. Helical thickenings and crassulae are absent. Rays are uniseriate, low, and are composed entirely of parenchyma cells whose walls are thin and unpitted. Cross-field pitting is ‘araucaroid’ and the number of pits per cross-field ranges from 3–11 (av. 7). Resin canals and axial parenchyma cells are absent. The differences between normal mature wood compared to compression and juvenile wood are consistent with those of most other conifer genera. The anatomical features of wood of W. nobilis strongly support its classification as a member of the Araucariaceae, but show no major differences that distinguish it as a monotypic genus. On the basis of its wood anatomy, it is not possible to state whether W. nobilis is more closely related to Agathis or to Araucaria.

Fusiform Parenchyma Cells in the Young Wood of Pinaceae, and their Distinction from Marginal Parenchyma

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Noshiro ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Cell Wall Structure ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Coniferous Wood

Fusiform parenchyma cells found in several genera of Pinaceae are described and compared with marginal parenchyma. Fusiform parenchyma cells are mostly fusiform in shape, with occasional smooth horizontal walls. They form discontinuous tangential bands in complete or incomplete circ1es in the innermost growth rings of Larix, Abies, and Tsuga. Fusiform parenchyma always contains resinous material, and is more conspicuous in branchwoods than in stem woods. Marginal parenchyma cells were observed in Cedrus, Keteleeria, Pseudolarix, and Pseudotsuga as well as in Larix, Abies, and Tsuga, and very rarely in Picea. Marginal parenchyma cells are scattered along growth ring boundaries. They are always in strands with nodular horizontal walls with conspicuous simple pits. Cell wall structure of these two types of parenchyma differs in the intensity of the birefringence of the secondary walls. Fusiform parenchyma cells are distinct from marginal parenchyma with which they were previously confused, and should be regarded as a new component of coniferous wood.

ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF GROWTH RINGS IN FLOOD-PRONE TREES OF THE ATLANTIC RAIN FOREST IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cátia H. Callado ◽  
Sebastião J. da Silva Neto ◽  
Fábio R. Scarano ◽  
Cláudia F. Barros ◽  
Cecília G. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Representative Species

The anatomical features of growth rings of 13 representative species of the swamp forests within the Atlantic rain forest of the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, were studied. Most species showed distinct rings. The growth ring boundaries were marked by fibrous zones frequently associated with marginal parenchyma bands, and growth ring boundary features were characteristic of the particular families and genera analysed. Leaf fall can be related to the occurrence of growth rings in seven species, whereas in evergreen species growth rings can be related to flooding. In Euphorbiaceae species, flooding regime differences (periodical or permanent) are related to the shape and distribution of new cells produced by the cambium and, thus, growth ring structure.

Indentation of Juvenile Annual Growth Rings and their Impact on Morphology of Wood Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 688 ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Racko ◽  
Olga Misikova ◽  
Igor Cunderlik ◽  
Blazej Seman
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Quality Production

The morphology of cellular elements of juvenile wood of spruce has, in comparing to mature wood, different parameters. Subsequently, indented growth ring zones, caused by genetic predisposition and cambial injury, can significantly change the morphology of these tissues. The aim of the paper compared the morphology of cellular elements of juvenile wood originating in the indented and the normal growth rings. The results confirmed a significant difference in the proportion, the dimensions and shape of parenchyma cells and tracheids. While, in zones containing the indented growth rings the proportions were 15.6 % and 84.4 %, in normal growth rings were 10.4 % and 89.6 %. Tracheids in the indented growth ring zones were shorter and narrower (1.47 mm and 25.4 µm), but in normal growth ring zones longer and wider (2.14 mm and 28.3 µm). Tracheids from marginal and central zones normal growth rings showed considerable inhomogeneity in longitudinal shape (they were twisted). On the basis of change tissue morphology in the juvenile growth phase we can expect the impact of these growth disproportions on the quality production of pulp and paper, mainly in assortments with small diameter.

scholarly journals Growth rings in cerrado woody species: occurrence and anatomical markers

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Julia Sonsin Oliveira ◽  
Silvia Rodrigues Machado
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Roupala Montana ◽  
Narrow Bands

Growth ring occurrence was investigated in 48 representative species of cerrado in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We characterized growth ring markers and described the growth layer structure of the basal portion of the most developed stem branches in woody plants. Growth rings were poorly defined in 33%, well defined in 61% and not discernable in 6% of the species studied. Various anatomical features were used as growth markers, such as: thick-walled latewood fibres; radially flattened latewood fibres; fibre zones; distended rays; marginal bands of axial parenchyma; marginal lines of parenchyma; and closeness of the narrow bands of scalariform parenchyma. In a single species, different growth ring markers often occurred together. Within growth layers, variations in the anatomical features were observed. Variations in the axial parenchyma distribution within growth rings in Vochysia cinnamomea, Qualea multiflora, V. rufa and V. tucanorum, wood are here reported for the first time. Variation in the distance of the axial parenchyma in narrow bands along the rays within growth layers in Annona coriacea, A. crassiflora, Diospyrus hispida and Roupala montana wood is also reported. Phenology and habit of the studied species were important aspects related to both growth ring presence and distinctness as well as to the anatomical features' variations within growth layers.

Distribution of juvenile wood in two stems of Larixlaricina

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
C. A. Benson ◽  
J. K. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Vertical Variation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ring Number ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Growth Ring Width

The distribution and vertical variation of juvenile wood was studied in an 81-year-old dominant tree and an 83-year-old suppressed tree of Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Two criteria, growth ring width and tracheid length, were used to demarcate the boundary of juvenile wood. The width of juvenile wood, expressed in centimetres and the number of growth rings, decreased noticeably from the base to the top of the tree. The volume of juvenile wood decreased in a similar pattern. These decreasing trends had a strong negative correlation with the year of formation of cambial initials at a given tree level. The length of these cambial initials decreased with increasing age of formation of the cambial initials. In the juvenile wood zone, there was a positive linear regression between the growth ring number (age) and the tracheid length. The slopes of these regression lines at various tree levels increased as the age of the year of formation of the cambial initials increased. At a given tree level, the length of tracheids increased from the pith to a more uniform length near the bark. However, the number of years needed to attain a more uniform tracheid length decreased from the base to the top of the tree. These relationships suggest that the formation of juvenile wood is related to the year of formation of the cambial initials. Consequently, the juvenile wood is conical in shape, tapering towards the tree top.

Characterization of chia plant (Salvia hispanica) for pulping

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 511-524
Author(s):  
TASLIMA FERDOUS ◽  
M.A. QUAIYYUM ◽  
KAZI M. YASIN ARAFAT ◽  
M. SARWAR JAHAN
Keyword(s):  
Kappa Number ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Alkaline Peroxide ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Flexibility Coefficient ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Peroxyformic Acid ◽  
Syringyl To Guaiacyl Ratio

In this paper, chia plant was characterized in terms of chemical, morphological, and anatomical properties. Chia plant was characterized with low α-cellulose (30.5%); moderate lignin (23.2%) with syringyl to guaiacyl ratio of 1.41; and shorter fiber length (0.67 mm) with thinner cell wall (1.91 μm) and good flexibility coefficient (71.44). Anatomical features showed that chia plant consists of vessels, fibers, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Chia plant pulping was evaluated in soda-anthraquinone (soda-AQ) and formic acid/peroxyformic acid (FA/PFA) processes. Chia plant was difficult to delignify in the alkaline process. The FA/PFA process produced higher pulp yield at the same kappa number than the soda-AQ process. Unbleached soda-AQ chia pulp exhibited good proper-ties in terms of tensile, bursting, and tearing strengths, even at the unrefined stage, due to high drainability of the pulps. Alkaline peroxide bleached FA/PFA pulp exhibited better papermaking properties and 2% higher brightness than the D0(EP)D1 bleached soda-AQ pulp.

scholarly journals Anatomía vegetativa de Ctenitis melanosticta (Dryopteridaceae, Pteridophyta)

2017 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Victoria Hernández-Hernández ◽  
Teresa Terrazas ◽  
Klaus Mehltreter
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fungal Hyphae ◽  
Available Information

The root, rhizome, petiole and blade anatomy of Ctenitis melanosticta was studied and compared with the available information for closely related genera. Root is diarc with sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells in the cortex, with fungal hyphae exclusively in the latter. The occurrence of sclereid nests in the rhizome is shared with Dryopteris and Campyloneurum. A cortical band was present in petiole and lamina, as in Dryopteris and other genera of the most derived ferns. The lamina had unifacial mesophyll and under the adaxial epidermis there were several layers of the fiber, as described for Elaphoglossum and Thelypteris, but differed from Asplenium, Dryopteris, and Polybotrya with collenchyma. The anatomy of C. melanosticta was similar to that of most species studied of Dryopteridaceae, although with some differences. Additional anatomical studies in species of Dryopteridaceae will allow to confirm the diagnostic value of several anatomical features, such as the lack of cortical band in the rhizome, the sclereid nests, the unifacial mesophyll, and the cortical band in the lamina.

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