scholarly journals Morphometric variability of narrow-leaved ash samaras at the test-tree level

2017 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dijana Cortan ◽  
Vedrana Macar ◽  
Vladimir Vukicevic ◽  
Mirjana Sijacic-Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Shape Classification ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Test Tree

The aim of this research is to assess F. angustifolia test tree variability based on the morphometric traits and shape of samara from the locality Karapandza. Twenty adult trees were randomly selected. From each individual 100 fully developed samaras were analyzed. The following traits were analyzed: the length and width of samara, the length of seed, ratio between the length of seed and samara, the weight of 100 seeds by individual, samara shape and samara top shape. The obtained results indicated a considerable variability within the studied individuals at the level of samara morphometric traits. Considering that all sampled individuals were from the same populations we could suppose that this variability was not induced by different environmental factors (climate or soil), then with the existence of specific genotypes. Classification based on samara size says that our individuals could belong to large size samaras, i.e. the type known as f. macrocarpa. However, since there is no uniformity of samara shapes within the majority of studied individuals we cannot classify them in accordance with samara shape classification.

Gigantism in tadpoles of the Neogene frogPalaeobatrachus

Paleobiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbyněk Roček ◽  
Ronald Böttcher ◽  
Richard Wassersug
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Ponds ◽  
Pond Size ◽  
Pseudis Paradoxa

We describe three giant palaeobatrachid fossil tadpoles of the genusPalaeobatrachus(Nieuwkoop-Faber [NF] stages 60–64) from the Miocene of Randecker Maar, Germany. The largest was 150 mm at the beginning of metamorphosis (stage 60), whereas the smallest was 100 mm and approaching the end of metamorphosis (stage 64). In contrast, normal palaeobatrachid tadpoles and their pipid relatives, both extinct and extant, rarely exceed 60 mm in length. We review here both ecological and pathological conditions that are conducive to the development of gigantism in tadpoles. Tadpoles that lack a thyroid gland become exceptionally large and arrest development at early hindlimb stages (NF stages 53–56). However, the advanced metamorphic stages of the giantPalaeobatrachustadpoles indicate that they were able to metamorphose, and thus were not athyroid. Environmental factors—pond size and permanence, predators, duration of the growing season—may all contribute to tadpole gigantism in certain extant anuran species. We identify suites of ecological features that distinguish extant anurans with large tadpoles from high-latitude and high-altitude permanent lakes in temperate regions (e.g., certainRanaandTelmatobius) from tropical species, such asPseudis paradoxa, whose tadpoles normally achieve large size in temporary seasonal ponds. The paleoecology of Randecker Maar suggests thatPalaeobatrachustadpoles lived in a permanent semitropical lake, but one with few predators.

scholarly journals Soil variation response is mediated by growth trajectories rather than functional traits in a widespread pioneer Neotropical tree

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Levionnois ◽  
Niklas Tysklind ◽  
Eric Nicolini ◽  
Bruno Ferry ◽  
Valérie Troispoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
List Type ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Soil Response ◽  
Neotropical Tree ◽  
Adult Trees

AbstractTrait-environment relationships have been described at the community level across tree species. However, whether interspecific trait-environment relationships are consistent at the intraspecific level is yet unknown. Moreover, we do not know how consistent is the response between organ vs. whole-tree level.We examined phenotypic variability for 16 functional leaf (dimensions, nutrient, chlorophyll) and wood traits (density) across two soil types, Ferralitic Soil (FS) vs. White Sands (WS), on two sites for 70 adult trees of Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) in French Guiana. Cecropia is a widespread pioneer Neotropical genus that generally dominates early successional forest stages. To understand how soil types impact resource-use through the processes of growth and branching, we examined the architectural development with a retrospective analysis of growth trajectories. We expect soil types to affect both, functional traits in relation to resource acquisition strategy as already described at the interspecific level, and growth strategies due to resource limitations with reduced growth on poor soils.Functional traits were not involved in the soil response, as only two traits-leaf residual water content and K content-showed significant differences across soil types. Soil effects were stronger on growth trajectories, with WS trees having the slowest growth trajectories and less numerous branches across their lifespan.The analysis of growth trajectories based on architectural analysis improved our ability to characterise the response of trees with soil types. The intraspecific variability is higher for growth trajectories than functional traits for C. obtusa, revealing the complementarity of the architectural approach with the functional approach to gain insights on the way trees manage their resources over their lifetime. Soil-related responses of Cecropia functional traits are not the same as those at the interspecific level, suggesting that the effects of the acting ecological processes are different between the two levels. Apart from soil differences, much variation was found across sites, which calls for further investigation of the factors shaping growth trajectories in tropical forests.

scholarly journals The Influences of Disturbance Histories and Soil Properties on Aboveground Biomass through Plant Functional Traits in a Tropical Rainforest

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wensheng Bu ◽  
Cancan Zhang ◽  
Jihong Huang ◽  
Runguo Zang ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Plant Functional Traits ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Adult Tree

Research Highlights: We try to evaluate the relative contribution of environmental factors and functional traits on aboveground biomass in a species rich tropical forest ecosystem after a 40-years natural recovery. Background and Objectives: Functional traits have a potential to incorporate community dynamics into the impacts of disturbance histories or environmental conditions on ecosystem functioning, but few studies have been conducted to understand these processes. Materials and Methods: We measured plant functional traits and soil properties in the tropical montane rainforests on Hainan Island, China, which had experienced different disturbance histories (clear cutting, selective logging, and old-growth) 40 years ago. A structural equation model was used to elucidate how disturbance histories and soil factors influence aboveground biomass (AGB) across different size classes (saplings, treelets, and adult trees) through plant functional traits. Results: The results demonstrated logging stimulated seedling establishment but decreased AGB of adult trees and wood density at community-level (CWM_WD) of sapling and adult tree. Generally, CWM_WD of sapling, treelet, and adult tree decreased linearly with the increasing of specific leaf area at community-level (CWM_SLA) in old-growth forest and these two disturbed forests. Moreover, CWM_SLA explained more variation of CWM_WD with increasing intensity of logging within sapling, treelet, and adult tree. CWM_SLA and CWM_WD not only responded to environmental conditions and disturbance intensity but also affected AGB in all size classes; meanwhile, CWM_SLA was a major driver of AGB. CWM_SLA had a stronger effect on AGB in sapling and treelet classes than on the adult tree class. Conclusions: Our results suggested that disturbance history and environmental factors could directly or indirectly affect ecosystem functioning through plant functional traits. Functional traits always had a stronger effect on AGB than environmental conditions. Moreover, CWM_SLA is a key trait that can be used to link the relationship between environmental conditions and AGB.

scholarly journals SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF TOTAL SOLUBLE PROTEINS IN ADULT TREES OF Quercus petraea (Matts.) Liebl. AND Fagus sylvatica L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Manuel Valenzuela Nuñez ◽  
Dominique Gérant ◽  
Pascale Maillard ◽  
Nathalie Bréda
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Total Tree ◽  
N Compounds

The complete distribution of total soluble proteins was investigated in 40-year-old oak and beech trees, felled at two dates (October 1999 and June 2000), to estimate seasonal variations in protein content at tree level. The concentration of total soluble proteins was nearly twice as high in oak compared to beech (755 mg.g-1 Dry Mass vs. 4.2 mg.g-1 Dry Mass, respectively) and 10 times lower than total non structural carbohydrates. Scaling from samples to total tree biomass, the contribution of C stored as total soluble proteins accounted for 500 gC in oak trees and only for 250 gC in beech trees. The stem was the major storage compartment in both species. Soluble proteins made up most of nitrogen at the stem and roots of oaks, while in its branches and in all beech organs, several N compounds predominated. These concentrations varied before bud break and stem growth in oak and beech. The seasonal progression of total soluble proteins in twigs of both species showed opposite patterns, especially during Spring, probably due to internal redistribution of proteins from upper stem and large branches. The dates of minimum and maximum concentrations were different for total soluble proteins and total non structural carbohydrates.  

scholarly journals Hydrocephalic Monster in a non Descript Buffalo

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Patil ◽  
C. K. Lakde ◽  
S. K. Sahatpure ◽  
Chandini . ◽  
Kamaljit .
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Intrauterine Infections ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Excessive accumulation of fluid in arachnoid and /or in ventricular system of cranium lead to large size of cranium refers to hydrocephalus (Arthur et al., 2001). It is one of the rare congenital anomalies seen in cattle and buffalo while occasionally in ewe and doe (Dhaliwal et al., 1998). It may be caused due to abnormal development of fetus with genetic, nutritional and environmental factors (Kalman, 1989). An autosomal recessive gene is responsible for many hereditary cases but intrauterine infections and nutritional factor have not been fully evaluated except relationship of blue tounge virus with hydrocephaly (Upasana et al., 2012). Deficiency of Vitamin A may be a potent cause of hydrophalus in buffalo (Arthur et al., 2001) .

scholarly journals Consequences of vertical basic wood density variation on the estimation of aboveground biomass with terrestrial laser scanning

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miro Demol ◽  
Kim Calders ◽  
Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Hans Verbeeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Adult Trees ◽  
Tree Models

Abstract Key message Stump-to-tip trends in basic wood density complicate the conversion of tree volume into aboveground biomass. We use 3D tree models from terrestrial laser scanning to obtain tree-level volume-weighted wood density. Abstract Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is used to generate realistic 3D tree models that enable a non-destructive way of quantifying tree volume. An accurate value for basic wood density is required to convert tree volume into aboveground biomass (AGB) for forest carbon assessments. However, basic density is characterised by high inter-, intra-species and within-tree variability and a likely source of error in TLS-derived biomass estimates. Here, 31 adult trees of 4 important European timber species (Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Fraxinus excelsior) were scanned using TLS and then felled for several basic wood density measurements. We derived a reference volume-weighted basic density (ρw) by combining volume from 3D tree models with destructively assessed vertical density profiles. We compared this to basic density retrieved from a single basal disc over bark (ρbd), two perpendicular pith-to-bark increment cores at breast height (ρic), and sourcing the best available local basic wood density from publications. Stump-to-tip trends in basic wood density caused site-average woody AGB estimation biases ranging from −3.3 to + 7.8% when using ρbd and from −4.1 to + 11.8% when using ρic. Basic wood density from publications was in general a bad predictor for ρw as the bias ranged from −3.2 to + 17.2%, with little consistency across different density repositories. Overall, our density-attributed biases were similar to several recently reported biases in TLS-derived tree volume, leading to potentially large compound errors in biomass assessments with TLS if patterns of vertical basic wood density variation are not properly accounted for.

scholarly journals Regenerasi Jamuju (Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume.) de Laub.) di Cagar Alam Gebugan, Kabupaten Semarang Jawa Tengah

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Evananda Waskitaningtyas ◽  
Sri Utami ◽  
Erry Wiryani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
The People

Gebugan Nature Reserve is one of the protected forest that still has the natural habitat of Dacrycarpus imbricatus. D. imbricatus has the potential of producing wood that is widely used by the people while the exploitation of Jamuju causes this tree species difficult to find in their natural habitat. The aim of this research was to asses D. imbricatus regeneration. The method used for taking jamuju was systematic method. The number of plots used were 15 with 10 m x 10 m area for each plot. The number of individual jamuju at the tree level, pole level, sapling level and seedling level were counted at each plot. The result of this research showed the regeneration of jamuju in Gebugan Nature Reserve was poor, indicated by tree-level individual density (5 individuals/0.15 ha = 33.3 ind/ha), pole level (not found), sapling (4 individuals/0.15 ha = 26.6 ind/ha), and seedlings (21 individuals/0.15 ha = 140 ind/ha). The environmental factors of Jamuju were found to grow at the altitude of 1,050 m asl, temperature 26.7°C to 27°C, humidity 53% to 61%, soil pH 6.3 to 7.

Maternal investment in egg production: environmental and population-specific effects on offspring performance in the snapping shrimp Alpheus nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924) (Decapoda, Alpheidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Mossolin ◽  
Fernando Mantelatto ◽  
Caio Pavanelli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Snapping Shrimp ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Reproductive Processes

AbstractAmong marine invertebrates, the overall biomass invested in egg production varies widely within populations, which can result from the interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors. Species that have constant reproduction throughout the year can be good models to study the influence of environmental factors on reproductive processes. We conducted a seasonal comparison of egg production in the intertidal snapping shrimp Alpheus nuttingi, which shows a continuous reproductive pattern, to examine the hypothesis that differences in egg production are driven by environmental conditions and population features. This population showed an uncommon strategy, characterized by females that produce eggs of varying sizes within their clutches, with reduced egg volume when the number of eggs is higher (Spring-Summer). In these seasons, higher temperatures and greater food availability may allow the production of more eggs compared to the Autumn-Winter seasons. Compared to other alpheid shrimps, this population produces small eggs, but in larger numbers. Despite the higher fecundity, the reproductive output is relatively low, this production being supported by the large size of females from the southern Atlantic region. Our findings showed that the egg production of A. nuttingi was greatly influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, this shrimp, and probably other decapods that possess continuous reproduction, adopt different reproductive strategies during the year.

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

Coherency loss in γ' precipitates in nickel-base superalloy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
R. A. Ricks ◽  
Angus J. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Large Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Nimonic 80A ◽  
Interfacial Dislocations ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Coherency Loss ◽  
Nimonic 115

During a recent investigation concerning the growth of γ' precipitates in nickel-base superalloys it was observed that the sign of the lattice mismatch between the coherent particles and the matrix (γ) was important in determining the ease with which matrix dislocations could be incorporated into the interface to relieve coherency strains. Thus alloys with a negative misfit (ie. the γ' lattice parameter was smaller than the matrix) could lose coherency easily and γ/γ' interfaces would exhibit regularly spaced networks of dislocations, as shown in figure 1 for the case of Nimonic 115 (misfit = -0.15%). In contrast, γ' particles in alloys with a positive misfit could grow to a large size and not show any such dislocation arrangements in the interface, thus indicating that coherency had not been lost. Figure 2 depicts a large γ' precipitate in Nimonic 80A (misfit = +0.32%) showing few interfacial dislocations.

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