scholarly journals Influence of steaming on drying quality and colour of beech timber

2015 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Goran Milic ◽  
Nebojsa Todorovic ◽  
Ranko Popadic
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Final Moisture Content ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Content Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conventional Drying ◽  
Drying Quality

This paper presents the results of an analysis of influence of the ?light? steaming process on conventional drying and colour of beech timber. A stack consisting of steamed and unsteamed boards was dried. Moisture content and moisture content profiles were recorded, and at the end of drying final moisture content, moisture content difference across thickness, case-hardening and colour were determinated. No statistically significant difference between steamed and unsteamed timber was established in any of the examined parameters (MC, ?MC, gap). The results indicate that equal (or even) better drying quality can be expected with steamed beech timber than with unsteamed timber, given the same drying schedule. Dry steamed timber was darker and more reddish than the unsteamed one. An imprecision of measurement by probes in the kiln was noticed in measuring steamed and unsteamed beech timber having a moisture content of between 7% and 15%, and a solution for overcoming this problem was given.

Drying of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) timber in oscillation climates: drying time and quality

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 805-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Milić ◽  
Branko Kolin ◽  
Aleksandar Lovrić ◽  
Nebojša Todorović ◽  
Ranko Popadić
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Temperature Oscillations ◽  
Conventional Drying ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Drying Quality ◽  
Gap Values

Abstract The influence of oscillating climate conditions during the conventional drying of beech timber on drying time and drying quality has been analyzed. Three conventional drying cycles were carried out as well as nine cycles, in which the oscillations of equilibrium moisture content (EMC), temperature, and their combination were applied. The combinations of two amplitudes (10% or 20%) and two frequencies (3 or 6 h) were used in different test runs. Higher drying quality regarding casehardening was achieved both in runs with oscillations of EMC (gap values 2.2–2.4 mm) and in runs with temperature oscillations (gap values 2.3–2.4 mm) compared with conventional runs (gap values 2.5–2.9 mm). The oscillations of both temperature and EMC did not improve any of the observed parameters.

scholarly journals Drying quality and colour of subfossil oak from central Serbia

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Marko Veizovic ◽  
Zdravko Popovic ◽  
Nebojsa Todorovic ◽  
Goran Milic
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
Conventional Drying ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Subfossil Wood ◽  
Drying Quality

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the quality of natural and conventional drying of subfossil oak wood. In addition to the drying quality, the colour of this material, as well as the effect of the drying process on colour change have been tested. The subfossil oak logs that were used in this experiment originate from the Morava River in Central Serbia. After sawing, timber was air-dried to about 20% moisture content (MC) followed by kiln-drying to 9.5% MC. By examining the quality of air-drying of the subfossil oak wood, a high presence of cracks was found, as well as the inaccuracy of humidity measurement using electric moisture meters. The stack for kiln-drying consisted of 24 boards, of which 4 were used for the monitoring of MC and MC distribution across the thickness of plank during drying. Drying quality was evaluated after the kiln-drying process. Although mild drying conditions during kiln-drying were applied, the gap as a measure of case-hardening had a value greater than usual for oak of same thickness. It was found that the drying process has no significant effect on the change in the colour of subfossil wood. The colour of the subfossil oak wood was significantly darker than the usual oak wood, and the colour difference between the central and the outer parts of the trunk of the subfossil oak was determined.

Application of non-symmetrical drying tests for assessment of drying behaviour of ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia PAX)

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Uetimane Junior ◽  
Ottaviano Allegretti ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Ove Söderström
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Moisture Gradient ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Drying Behaviour ◽  
Stress Behaviour ◽  
Drying Quality

Abstract Experiments concerning drying behaviour of ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia PAX) were conducted to find a suitable drying schedule. Two non-symmetrical drying (NSD) tests were carried out to determine the drying behaviour of ntholo in terms of drying rate and stress behaviour. A tentative drying schedule was selected for comparison of the test results with those of similar tests with other known species. The schedule was tested in a laboratory kiln on 28-mm thick boards. According to both NSD tests and laboratory tests, ntholo dries easily but slowly. The laboratory drying lasted 266 h and achieved standard drying quality characterised by 8.9% moisture content, a moisture gradient of 1.2% and a case-hardening (gap) of 1.2 mm. Twist was the largest deformation with 3.4 mm per 1000 mm on average. The assigned schedule provided standard drying quality and it could be tested further in industrial kilns.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

Effects of Drying Conditions, Final Moisture Content, and Degree of Milling on Rice Flavor

1997 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine T. Champagne ◽  
Karen L. Bett ◽  
Bryan T. Vinyard ◽  
Bill D. Webb ◽  
Anna M. McClung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Final Moisture Content ◽  
Degree Of Milling ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Rice Flavor

Parameters Affecting Milling Qualities of Undefatted Soybeans (Glycine max, L. Merill) (2): Selected Physical Properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ganiy O. Raji ◽  
John Alaba Victor Famurewa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Attrition Mill ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Flour Yield

Soybean protein is highly rich in the essential amino acid needed by human body. In the developing countries, its use will be more generally acceptable when converted to flour like wheat. This work focused on establishing the optimum conditions of some physical characteristics of soybean for high quality and acceptable soy flour. The characteristics studied for soybean samples subjected to heat treatment of boiling and oven drying were the effect moisture content (MC) and the hull thickness on the quality of the flours. Ten samples of Tax 1485 at different moisture levels ranging from 20.6% to 8.6% and five varieties (Tax 1440-1E, Tax 1740, Tax 1485, Tax 1456 and Tax 1448-2E) obtained from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), having different hull thicknesses were used. Soybean with mixed varieties commonly found in the open markets was also used to compare the effects of MC on the studied parameters. Flours obtained from the samples milled in an attrition mill were subjected to proximate, sieve and organoleptic evaluations. The hull thickness was found to have no correlation with protein retention, acceptability and flour yield, but moisture content has a very significant effect on the qualities. Between moisture content of 20.6% and 8.6%, protein and acceptability reduced from 40.0% to 27.7% and 4.3 to 2.2 respectively while yield increased from 0.9% to 5.8%. Though protein was reducing with reduced MC, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in protein retention between MC of 20.6% and 10.1% but it became significant at 9.4%. There was no significant difference in acceptability from 13.6% to 8.6% MC and between 8.9% and 11.0% MC for flour yield. Both Tax 1485 and mixed varieties followed the same trend only that they have different absolute values. The mixed varieties however had no significant difference in protein content between 19.8% and 10.2% MC. These results, therefore established that to obtain acceptable soyflour of high flour yield and protein content, moisture content of soybean after processing should be about 10% (dry basis).

Stability of Thiamine and Riboflavin During Extrusion Processing of Triticale

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BEETNER ◽  
T. TSAO ◽  
A. FREY ◽  
K. LORENZ
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Final Moisture Content ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Nozzle Size ◽  
The Relationship

Triticale kernels were extruded using a Brabender Plasticorder extruder with ¾-inch rifled barrel and 1:1 flight depth ratio screw. Whole grain samples were extruded at initial moisture contents of 15, 20, and 25%. Debranned samples were extruded at an initial moisture content of 22%. Barrel temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 F and nozzle openings of 1/8 inch and 1/16 inch were used. The products were analyzed for thiamine and riboflavin content. Results were corrected for final moisture content and expressed as fraction retained. A multiple regression was done to determine the relationship between independent and derived variables, and the retention. Riboflavin retention was correlated simply as a function of barrel temperature. Thiamine retention of the debranned material was correlated as a function of nozzle size and barrel temperature. Thiamine retention of the whole grain samples was correlated for nozzle size, first and second order temperature effects, and confounding between nozzle size and temperature.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical properties, probiotic stability and sensory characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum S20 – supplemented passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) juice powder

Food Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326
Author(s):  
Reifrey, A. Lascano ◽  
M.G.L.D. Gan ◽  
A.S.L. Sulabo ◽  
D.M.O. Santiago ◽  
L.B. Ancheta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Significant Difference

The study aimed to develop a non-dairy-based probiotic-supplemented product using an underutilized crop in the Philippines such as the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). The physico-chemical properties (moisture content, water activity, pH, and total soluble solids), probiotics stability at different storage temperatures (4°C, 25°C, and 37°C), and the sensory characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum S20-supplemented passion fruit juice powder was evaluated. Passion fruit juice powder and L. plantarum S20 were first prepared using low-temperature spray drying utilizing maltodextrin as a carrier, with yield as 42.97% and 21.17%, respectively. Spray drying of probiotics culture also resulted in 42.68% log survivability. The formulated juice powder had a final moisture content of 1.729±0.38% and water activity of 0.398±0.0051, and with recommended dilution with water, had a final pH and total soluble solids of 3.40±0.10 and 12.00±0.00° Brix, respectively. Results also showed that storage of the formulated juice powder at 4°C yielded the highest probiotic stability, maintaining a viable log count of 4.27 per g, while storage at 37°C showed no microbial growth. Sensory evaluation of probioticsupplemented passion fruit juice against a non-probiotic-supplemented one revealed significant difference in terms of color, sweetness, and sourness, while no significant difference was observed in terms of aroma, mouthfeel, and general acceptability.

scholarly journals Possibility of drying oak and ash elements with bark

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Goran Milic ◽  
Marko Veizovic ◽  
Nebojsa Todorovic
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Conventional Drying ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the possibility of drying oak and ash elements with the presence of tree bark on one side of the element (bark edge). One batch was dried per species, and the process was controlled by moisture content (MC) probes in the kiln, but also determined by the oven-dry method. Drying defects and their causes were also analyzed. The results showed that conventional drying can be used for this purpose - the duration is relatively short (up to 7 days), and the variation of the final MC is relatively small. The main problem is a relatively large number of crooked elements at the end of drying, particularly those where the share of wood in relation to the bark was small. Very high axial shrinkage coefficients of the bark (4.5 times higher than wood) are the cause of these deformations.

Nutrient composition of pastoralist's raw milk of different breeds of cattle in Adamawa and Taraba states, Northeastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Z. Adamu ◽  
M. B. Ardo ◽  
Y. H. Aliyara
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Content Range

This study was carried out to determine the proximate composition of raw milk produced in pastoral settlements. Six hundred pastoralists' raw milk samples were collected from 20 local governments in Adamawa and Taraba states, Nigeria. Milk samples were collected from White Fulani (WF), Red Bororo (RB) and Sokoto Gudali (SG) breeds of cattle and were analyzed for protein, fat, ash and moisture contents. The protein content ranged between 3.62±0.38% -3.95±0.11% in WF, 3.29±0.8% - 3.94±0.10% in RB and 3.31±0.27%- 3.95±0.09% in SG in Adamawa and Taraba states. The fat content ranged between 3.55±0.47% - 3.99±0.03% in WF, 3.98±0.04% - 3.98±0.06% in RB and 3.32±0.20% - 3.45±0.27% in SG. The ash content recorded was between 0.40±0.06% -0.41±0.04% in WF, 0.40±0.06% - 0.43±0.07% in RB and0.39±0.06% - 0.41±0.08% in SG, and the moisture content in Adamawa and Taraba states were between 83.52±2.07% - 84.00±0.57% in WF, 82.28±1.05% - 83.73±0.63% in RB and 82.90±1.48% - 83.56±1.35%in SG. The study from the two states revealed protein value between 3.29± 0.8% - 3.95±0.11%, fat content range of3.32±0.20% - 3.99±0.03%, ash content of between 0.39± 0.06% - 0.43±0.07% and moisture content that ranged between 82.28± 1.05% - 84.00±0.57%. Constituents of milkfrom Taraba state were higher in values than those from Adamawa sate. The statistical analysis of the results at95% confidence level showed significant difference among breeds and states. In comparison, the three breeds that resided in Adamawa state had least values, which could be attributed to herd management practices. This study showed that all the three pastoralists' breeds indicated desirable components in their milk Cross breeding with higher breeds and provision of quality feed and water may lead to better yield in all the breeds in this study.

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