scholarly journals Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet: Distribution in Serbia and Montenegro, significance and control

2008 ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Karadzic ◽  
Slobodan Milanovic
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Copper Fungicides ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Conifer Plantations ◽  
And Control

Fungus G. abietina is one of the most dangerous pathogenic fungi occurring in conifer plantations and Pinus species are especially at risk. Among pines, the most susceptible species is Austrian pine, and particularly endangered plantations are between 8 and 25 years of age. This fungus was found in Serbia and Montenegro on Austrian pine, Scots pine and spruce, but it was only in mountainous regions (Kopaonik, Vlasina, Goc, Durmitor). G. abietina forms both stages (anamorph and teleomorph) in its development. The imperfect form is far more significant for the infection process, i.e. the pycnidial stage and generally all infections are caused by conidia (pycnospores). Apothecia will be formed on the bark only two years after tree dying. In the severely infected plantations, all dead trees should be felled and removed, and the remaining trees should be treated with copper fungicides.

scholarly journals Gremmeniella abietina (lagerb) morelet: Distribution in Yugoslavia, significance and control

2002 ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Karadzic ◽  
Milosav Andjelic ◽  
Mioljub Vemic
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Conifer Plantations ◽  
And Control

Fungus G. abietina is one of the most dangerous pathogenic fungi inhabiting conifer plantations, and especially endangered species are the pines. Among the pines, the most susceptible species is Austrian pine, and endangered plantations are aged between 8 and 25 years. This fungus was detected in Serbia and Montenegro only on the mountains (Kopaonik, Vlasina, Go?, Durmitor). The fungus was identified on Austrian pine, Scots pine and spruce. In its development G. abietina forms both stages (anamorph and teleomorph). Its imperfect form i.e. pycnidial stage, is far more significant for the infection process, and mainly all infection is carried by conidia (=pycnospores). Infection of trees is possible throughout the year, but the critical period of infection is May-June. Conidia are transmitted by raindrops, and the infection is spread through the buds and bark of young shoots. Incubation period lasts for 9 months, i.e. if infection occurs in June of the current year, the first visible symptoms of infection occur in March of the following year. The symptoms of infection are visible at the base of buds (cross section), on the needles (initial orange discolouration at the base of the needles, and then the whole needle turns brown and drops) and on the bark of young shoots. Soon after infection symptoms, the fruiting bodies (i.e. pycnidia) appear on the necrotic tissues of the host. Apothecia form on the bark two years after tree dying. In the severely infested plantations, all dead trees should be felled and removed, and the remaining trees should be treated with copper fungicides. As this is a quarantine disease, care must be taken to prevent the spread of the disease to the new uninfected regions. This measure is imposed by the legal regulations on quarantine diseases.

ASSOCIATION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FOR THE SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WITH THE EUROPEAN PINE WEEVIL HYLOBIUS ABIETIS (L.) (COL. CURCULIONIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 929-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lévieux ◽  
D. Piou ◽  
P. Cassier ◽  
M. André ◽  
D. Guillaumin
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Hylobius Abietis ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Leptographium Procerum ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractIn 1989 and 1990, the contamination rate of the European pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) by several pathogenic fungi for the Scots pine was measured [Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingf. — 45% of the specimens; Pachnodium canum (Upadh. and Kendr.) — 14%; or Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. and P. Syd — 3% (Piou 1993)]. To understand the processes of transportation, a detailed study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Several types of spores vectored are found mainly in the thoracic cuticular rounded wells located near the sensorial setae. These wells are connected with an epidermal glandular apparatus whose ultrastructural description is given. We question the origin and composition of these secretions which are believed to protect the spores and contribute to the infection process.

scholarly journals The distribution, hosts, epidemiology, impact and control of fungus Mycosphaerella pini E. Rostrup apud Munk in Serbia

2004 ◽  
pp. 7-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Karadzic
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
European Larch ◽  
Pinus Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Serbian Spruce ◽  
And Control

M. pini is one the most widespread and dangerous pathogenic fungi in the plantations of Pinus species in the world. This fungus has been observed on more than fifty Pinus species, and on European Larch, Douglas Fir, Norway Spruce, Serbian Spruce and Sitka Spruce. In Serbia, M. pini caused greatest damage in plantations of Austrian pine (P. nigra Arn). In Serbia both states of the fungus have been observed, i.e. conidiomata and ascostromata. Conidia are far more significant in the infection process. The critical period for infections is May - June. Of the all tested fungicides, the best results have been obtained by copper protectants. In heavily infected plantations of Austrian pine the protections should be carried out in the period when the plantations are 5-20(25) years old.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2007 and 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Fernandes do Prado ◽  
Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽  
Joel Fontes de Sousa ◽  
Dênio Iuri Caldeira ◽  
Gustavo Fontes Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Disease Notification ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an expanding zoonosis in Brazil and is becoming urbanized in several Brazilian regions. This study aims to describe the epidemiological features of human and canine VL in the municipality of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, by focusing on their spatial distribution. METHODS: Data concerning human cases and reactive dogs for VL from 2007 to 2009 were obtained from the Information System for Disease Notification (SINAN) and from reports of the local Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ), respectively. The addresses of human and canine cases have been georeferenced and localized in thematic maps, allowing their spatial visualization as well as the identification of areas at risk of VL transmission. RESULTS: Ninety-five cases of human VL were reported in the period. The 0-9-year-old age group (48.4%) was the most affected, within which the majority consisted of male patients (64%). Of the samples collected for the canine serological survey, 2,919 (6.3%) were reactive to VL. The spatial localization of these cases shows that the disease was scattered in the urban area of the municipality. Areas showing a higher dissemination risk were concentrated in the central, northwestern, and southern regions of the city. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the areas most at risk in urban Montes Claros may help guide actions toward local epidemiological vigilance and control.

scholarly journals Method for early detection of poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778)

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pavlicevic ◽  
I. Pavlovic ◽  
N. Stajkovic
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Regular Control ◽  
And Control

Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778), poultry red mite or chicken mite, is haematophagous poultry ectoparasite. In poultry flocks small populations of chicken mite usually remain undetected. In order to supplement existing diagnostics we have investigated the method for its early detection. Investigation was carried out on 13 flocks, during two-year period, throughout Serbia and Montenegro. We have established that method for early detection of chicken mite can: improve the efficiency of existing diagnostic methods, that it is simple and reduces the period when parasites are hidden since it enables detection of small number of parasites before the population becomes visible. We recommend it to poultry farmers for regular control of the flock and control of the new flock, to veterinarians in poultry production as supplement to diagnostic methods: when suspecting the presence of Dermanyssosis in order to achieve early differential diagnostics, sampling of small number of chicken mite, monitoring the movement of the population and effect of the treatment, coming to conclusion regarding the effect of the disease control and as element of the forensic evaluation method. .

Response to William E. Connolly's review of Peripheral Visions: Publics, Power and Performance in Yemen

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-300
Author(s):  
Lisa Wedeen
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Power And Resistance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Points Of Resistance

William E. Connolly's review of Peripheral Visions is what any author should want, a thoughtful, appreciative account of the book's merits and an invitation to push aspects of the argument further than the book currently does. One point of clarification: I did not mean to suggest that Foucault's work should be read only in terms of its emphasis on coherence and control, or that my own is intended as a blanket critique of his. My understanding of political power and resistance is beholden to Foucault's insofar as he shows how power depends on multiple points of resistance. He thus describes how existing mechanisms of social control get reproduced and yet are also vulnerable to creativity, innovation, and surprise. My point was to challenge Foucault-inspired scholars of colonialism, in particular, who tend to exaggerate the capacities of colonial administrations and to neglect not only outright challenges to colonial rule, but also the ways in which colonial rule could, at times, be irrelevant to inhabitants' political experience. The goal was to distinguish between the stated claims of colonial rulers and colonialism's actual effects. At stake is not simply a reading of Foucault, of course, but a sense of what matters politically—whether scholars emphasize the reproductive power of institutions and ideas or whether they focus on how reproduction places those very ideas and institutions at risk. I want to chart a middle course here, neither exaggerating coherence nor romanticizing resistance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Infection Processes and Resulting Disease Caused by Dendryphion penicillatum and Pleospora papaveracea on Papaver somniferum

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 699-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. Bailey ◽  
Patricia C. Apel-Birkhold ◽  
Nichole R. O'Neill ◽  
James Plaskowitz ◽  
Sharon Alavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Poppy Seed ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Infection Processes ◽  
Stem Lesions

Two pathogenic fungi of opium poppy, Pleospora papaveracea and Dendryphion penicillatum, were isolated from field material in Beltsville, MD. The processes of infection by these two fungi were studied to determine the optimal environmental conditions for infection. Both fungi formed appressoria capable of penetrating directly through the plant epidermal layer. Of the two fungi, P. papaveracea was more aggressive, causing more rapid necrosis. Appressorial formation by P. papaveracea occurred as early as 4 h after application of a conidial suspension to poppy leaves. P. papaveracea formed more appressoria than did D. penicillatum, especially at cool temperatures (7 to 13°C). In greenhouse studies, P. papaveracea caused more damage to opium poppy than did D. penicillatum when applied in 10% unrefined corn oil. In the field, P. papaveracea was more consistent in its effects on opium poppy from a local seed source designated Indian Grocery. P. papaveracea caused higher disease ratings, more stem lesions, and equal or greater yield losses than did D. penicillatum on Indian Grocery. The late-maturing opium poppy variety White Cloud was severely damaged by disease, regardless of formulation or fungal treatment. P. papaveracea was the predominant fungus isolated from poppy seed capsules and the only fungus reisolated from the field the following year. These studies provide a better understanding of the infection process and the differences between these two pathogenic fungi and will be beneficial for the development of the fungi as biological control agents.

Epidemiological characteristics of uropatogenic isolates of Escherichia coli in hospitals

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-256
Author(s):  
M. V. Kuznetsova ◽  
J. S. Gizatullina
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
N 93 ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The aim of the study was to evaluate the genetic affinity of uropathogenic E. coli cultures (UPEC) and to identify the major types of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) found among nosocomial isolates. A molecular typing of UPEC (n=93) isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) who were hospitalised in nine medical facilities (MO) in Perm was performed. It was found that 69.89% of the cultures had individual RAPD/ERIC profiles, the remaining 30.10% were distributed among 13 genome groups. Most frequently blaCTX-M-1 was detected individually or in combination with other beta-lactamase genes (n=23, 79.31% of ESBL phenotype-positive isolates), genes were detected in seventeen cases (58.62%) blaTEM and/or blaOXA, the blaCMY fragment was found in only three isolates (10.34%), blaSHV was missing in this isolates. It was shown that in two thirds of the cases the pathogens of the infection process are representatives of the endogenous intestinal microbiota of the patients, in other cases an exogenous infection occurs. The proportion of “circulating” (possibly hospital) isolates in the spectrum of UTI increased in the series: therapy departments - surgery departments - intensive care units. In addition, in multidisciplinary hospitals there are conditions for cross-infections of patients, but the epidemiological chains of episodes of UTI are short and concise. It has been shown that the probability of infection with E. coli producing CTX-M or OXA enzymes is significantly higher in the intensive care unit than in surgery or therapy departments. The data obtained complement the understanding of the epidemiology of UTI caused by E. coli and can be used as an aid in the planning and implementation of methods for the prevention and control of nosocomial UTI.

Improvement on Natural Enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Using Extracts of Agrimonia pilosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1581-1586
Author(s):  
Huifang Guo ◽  
Yufeng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
And Control

Abstract Compared with the numerous natural enemies against insect pests that have been identified, the commercialization of natural biological control resources remains very limited. To increase the use of natural enemies for biological control, determining how to improve the low efficacy, slow speed, and high cost of natural enemies is very important. Mediterranean species of The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodoidea), increasingly threatens many crops in China, and control primarily depends on chemical insecticides. Here, the effect of ethanol extracts from two plants, Agrimonia pilosa (Ledeb) (Rosales: Rosaceae) and Melia azedarach (Linn) (Meliaceae: Melia), on predominant natural enemies of B. tabaci was investigated using a leaf dipping or spraying method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. pilosa significantly improved the infectivity of the fungus Isaria javanica (Friedrichs & Bally) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and the mortality of whiteflies caused by the combination of fungus (105 spores/mL) with the extract of A. pilosa (2 mg/mL dried powder of A. pilosa containing 0.0942 mg/mL total polyphenols) was 81.6%, which was significantly higher than that caused by the fungus only. However, the ethanol extract of M. azedarach had no effect on fungus infectivity. Additionally, insecticide tolerance of the predator Pardosa pseudoannulata was also significantly improved by the extract of A. pilosa. The longevity of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa was not affected by the extracts. These findings indicate that the extract of A. pilosa played a dual role that included improving pathogenic fungi infectivity and insecticidal tolerance of a predator and thus could be a synergist in the biological control of B. tabaci.

Systems Biology of Human-Pathogenic Fungi

2009 ◽  
pp. 403-421
Author(s):  
Daniela Albrecht ◽  
Reinhard Guthke
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Near Future

This chapter describes a holistic approach to understand the molecular biology and infection process of human-pathogenic fungi. It comprises the whole process of analyzing transcriptomic and proteomic data. Starting with biological background, information on Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, two of the most important fungal pathogens, is given. Afterwards, techniques to create transcriptome and proteome data are described. The chapter continues with explaining methods for data processing and analysis. It shows the need for, and problems with data integration, as well as the role of standards, ontologies, and databases. General aspects of these 3 major topics are explained and connected to the research on human-pathogenic fungi. Finally, the near future of this research topic is highlighted. This chapter aims to provide an overview on analyses of data from different cellular levels of human-pathogenic fungi. It describes their integration and application of systems biology methodologies.

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