scholarly journals Explanations, mechanisms, and developmental models: Why the nativist account of early perceptual learning is not a proper mechanistic model

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Radenovic
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
The World ◽  
Partial Description ◽  
Intermodal Perception ◽  
Causal Patterns

In the last several decades a number of studies on perceptual learning in early infancy have suggested that even infants seem to be sensitive to the way objects move and interact in the world. In order to explain the early emergence of infants? sensitivity to causal patterns in the world some psychologists have proposed that core knowledge of objects and causal relations is innate (Leslie & Keeble 1987, Carey & Spelke, 1994; Keil, 1995; Spelke et al., 1994). The goal of this paper is to examine the nativist developmental model by investigating the criteria that a mechanistic model needs to fulfill if it is to be explanatory. Craver (2006) put forth a number of such criteria and developed a few very useful distinctions between explanation sketches and proper mechanistic explanations. By applying these criteria to the nativist developmental model I aim to show, firstly, that nativists only partially characterize the phenomenon at stake without giving us the details of when and under which conditions perception and attention in early infancy take place. Secondly, nativist start off with a description of the phenomena to be explained (even if it is only a partial description) but import into it a particular theory of perception that requires further empirical evidence and further defense on its own. Furthermore, I argue that innate knowledge is a good candidate for a filler term (a term that is used to name the still unknown processes and parts of the mechanism) and is likely to become redundant. Recent extensive research on early intermodal perception indicates that the mechanism enabling the perception of regularities and causal patterns in early infancy is grounded in our neurophysiology. However, this mechanism is fairly basic and does not involve highly sophisticated cognitive structures or innate core knowledge. I conclude with a remark that a closer examination of the mechanisms involved in early perceptual learning indicates that the nativism/empiricism debate (as usually construed in developmental literature) is wrong headed and should be closed.

From Developmental Metaphor To Developmental Model: The Shrinking Role of Language in the Talking Cure

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine M. Vivona
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Therapeutic Action ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Psychoanalytic Treatment ◽  
Interpersonal Experience ◽  
Talking Cure

Psychoanalysts have invoked infant development diversely to understand nonverbal and unspoken aspects of lived experience. Two uses of developmental notions and their implications for understanding language and the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis are juxtaposed here: Hans Loewald's conception of developmental metaphors to illuminate ineffable aspects of the clinical situation and Daniel Stern's currently popular developmental model, which draws on findings from quantitative research to explain therapeutic action in the nonverbal realm. Loewald's metaphorical use of early development identifies and thus potentiates a central role for language in psychoanalytic treatment. By contrast, Stern and his colleagues exaggerate the abstract, orderly, and disembodied qualities of language, and consequently underestimate the degree to which lived interpersonal experience can be meaningfully verbalized, as demonstrated here with illustrations from published clinical material. As contemporary psychoanalysis moves toward embracing developmental models such as Stern's, it is concluded, psychoanalysts accept a shrinking role for language in the talking cure.

“Chunking” the World through Multisensory Perception

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-153
Author(s):  
Kevin Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Perceptual Unit ◽  
Binding Mechanism ◽  
The World

This chapter argues that multisensory perceptions are learned, not the result of an automatic feature binding mechanism. For example, suppose you are at a live jazz show. The drummer begins a solo. You see the cymbal jolt and hear the clang. But you are also aware that the jolt and the clang are part of the same event. Psychologists have assumed that multisensory perceptions like this one are the result of an automatic feature binding mechanism. This chapter argues instead that when you experience the jolt and the clang as part of the same event, it is the result of a perceptual learning process. The jolt and the clang are best understood as a single learned perceptual unit, not as automatically bound. This chapter details the perceptual learning process of “unitization,” whereby we come to “chunk” the world into multisensory units, and argues that unitization best explains multisensory perception.

scholarly journals A Review on the Treatments for Monocular Visual Impairment for the Development of a Visual Aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Nirvenesh Ravindran ◽  
Hassan Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Pharmacological Treatment ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Occlusion Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
Insight Into

Amblyopia is the most commonly found monocular visual impairment in the world. This paper presents an initial investigation into developing a visual aid for monocular visual impaired patients. The investigations conducted in this paper include those from direct interviews from consultant ophthalmologist. Investigations include reviewing the principle required to be embedded into the visual aid such as the distance and depth perception. Stereoscopic cameras and algorithms are also further discussed to interlink with the concepts of depth perception. Monocular visual impairment can most of the time be caused by medical conditions like amblyopia or glaucoma, and rarely caused by accidents and external factors. Thus, existing treatments for amblyopia, the effectiveness and challenges of the treatment are also clearly investigated and scrutinized in this paper. Some of the existing treatments include refractive therapy, occlusion therapy, atropine injections, perceptual learning, pharmacological treatment and acupuncture. This study has provided a clear insight into the requirements of developing a visual aid, thus further addressing the challenges faced by the treatments in this impairment.

scholarly journals A computational developmental model for specificity and transfer in perceptual learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Solgi ◽  
T. Liu ◽  
J. Weng
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Developmental Model

scholarly journals Bayesian Models of Conceptual Development: Learning as Building Models of the World

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 533-558
Author(s):  
Tomer D. Ullman ◽  
Joshua B. Tenenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Potential Models ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
The World

A Bayesian framework helps address, in computational terms, what knowledge children start with and how they construct and adapt models of the world during childhood. Within this framework, inference over hierarchies of probabilistic generative programs in particular offers a normative and descriptive account of children's model building. We consider two classic settings in which cognitive development has been framed as model building: ( a) core knowledge in infancy and ( b) the child as scientist. We interpret learning in both of these settings as resource-constrained, hierarchical Bayesian program induction with different primitives and constraints. We examine what mechanisms children could use to meet the algorithmic challenges of navigating large spaces of potential models, in particular the proposal of the child as hacker and how it might be realized by drawing on recent computational advances. We also discuss prospects for a unifying account of model building across scientific theories and intuitive theories, and in biological and cultural evolution more generally.

Development and growth in skulls of three Otariidae species: a comparative morphometric study

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1801-1815
Author(s):  
Daniela Sanfelice ◽  
Daniza Molina-Schiller ◽  
Thales R. O. De Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Callorhinus Ursinus ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Linear Measure ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Developmental Models

We examined the skulls ofArctocephalus australis,Callorhinus ursinusandOtaria byroniawith the objectives of (1) estimating the development and growth rates and comparing these parameters among the species; (2) describing the development for each linear measure, for each species and sex; (3) determining which variables are best correlated with age; (4) determining age of physical maturity. We employed traditional and geometric morphometric techniques to study the skulls. InA. australisandC. ursinus, skulls of females mature at about 6 years of age, and those of males at about 8 years.Otaria byroniamatures later, at about 9 years. Using geometric morphometric data sets, the rate and constant of growth inA. australisdid not differ between the sexes.Callorhinus ursinusandO. byroniashowed rates significantly different between sexes concerning growth (and in the constant as well), but onlyO. byroniadiffered between sexes in both developmental model parameters (rates and constant). Comparisons between the growth and developmental models showed significant differences in slope and constant. In both treatments employed, a relationship between size and shape dimorphism could be inferred for the skulls of all three species. We conclude that rates or timing of growth and development evolves within a conserved spatiotemporal organization of morphogenesis.

The Religious Component of the World Meaning in the Mechanism of Individual’s Identification Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Салихова ◽  
Elvina Salikhova ◽  
Мурсалимова ◽  
Yu. Mursalimova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
The World ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Partial Description ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Identification Processes ◽  
Different Content

The aim of the study is to describe the religious component of the person’s worldview. The results of association experiments enable us to reconstruct the specifics of the actualization of the word’s psychological meaning in the individual’s linguistic consciousness. This approach is perspective in the study of associations for establishing the religious worldview in which the linguistic division of the world is correlated with the typology of associative fields. Language and religion, representing two different images of the world, have in their structure different content both by volume and the nature of the information, constituenting this knowledge and by its role and place in the structure of social consciousness. Language and religion are the ways of formation and existence of knowledge, and the combination of this knowledge of reality, formed in general consciousness is a worldview. In this material there is to show the mutual influence of religious and linguistic worldviews by identifying and partial description of the religious meaning of the word, which is defined as a content of a word, displaying in the mind of an individual and fixing in it the mystical views, based on the faith in supernatural forces and beings (gods, spirits). Subsequent stages of the study of the religious component in the mechanism of identification processes in the person’s linguistic consciousness involve a comparative study of verbal associations on the material of a number of Turkic languages.

scholarly journals THE RESEARCH AND STUDY PATHS IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL: THE CASE OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND DEGREE

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Viviana Carolina Llanos ◽  
María Rita Otero
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Polynomial Functions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Second Degree

This analysis introduces the pedagogy of research and questioning the world within the Math classrooms at secondary schools in Argentina by using Research and Study Paths (RSP). The RSP have been proposed by Chevallard in the Anthropologic Theory of Didactic (ATD) to face the mechanistic model of teaching mathematics in secondary school (Chevallard, 2004). The RSP has been previously conceived as part of this research and could enable to cover the syllabus of the three last years of the secondary level (students aged 14 to 18 years old). The RSP has been carried out in courses intentionally selected by the researcher. Two implementations have been performed once a year during three years; with 163 students participating in the whole research. The results of introducing RSP into the classroom, the characteristics of the Mathematical Organization (MO) and the advantages and disadvantages of teaching mathematics based on the pedagogy of research and questioning the world are described in the present work. Key words: functions, pedagogy of research and questioning the world, polynomial functions of second degree, research and study paths, secondary school.

A Model for Epithelial Migration and Wound Healing in the Avian Embryo

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Futterman ◽  
Evan A. Zamir
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Developmental Models ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Epithelial Migration

It is increasingly clear that (collective) migration of epithelia plays an important role in morphogenesis and wound healing [6]. One of the interesting phenomena about epithelial migration is that the leading edge of the epithelia displays characteristics of both epithelia and cells undergoing EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), so-called “partial” EMT. Developmental models in Drosophila and zebrafish have become important for studying signaling pathways involved in epithelial migration in recent years, but it is difficult to study the biomechanics of these systems. [2] Here, we revisit a little-used developmental model originally characterized by Chernoff [3] over two decades ago, which uses the area opaca (AO) of the chick embryo, an extraembryonic epithelium in birds which normally functions to spread across and encompass the nutritive yolk in a process called epiboly. We believe this model will be useful for studying epithelial migration because it is easily accessible and can be separated from the embryo to control the biomechanical environment.

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