scholarly journals The evidence of personal computer waste quantity in the territory of Serbia -statistical estimation

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (169) ◽  
pp. 127-142
Author(s):  
Branko Tadic ◽  
Ratko Mitrovic ◽  
Danijela Tadic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Communication Technique ◽  
Art Research ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
The Eu

In recent years, the state-of-the-art research has been dealing with putting into traffic, withdrawing and freeing the environment from electrical and electronic equipment waste-WEEE. In our country there has been no serious research so far concerning this problem, although current and future members of the European Union (EU) are obligated to conduct WEEE directive based on individual responsibility of each "waste manufacturer". The Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of Serbia has accepted the financing of scientific research project called "The development of electrical and electronic equipment recycling system". In this paper, statistical estimation method of quantity and diffusion of computer waste (which according to the EU classification, belongs to the third category WEEE-devices for computer and communication technique) in the territory of Serbia is described. The implications of the problem on our country are also presented.

scholarly journals Genome-Edited Plants: Opportunities and Challenges for an Anticipatory Detection and Identification Framework

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 430
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ribarits ◽  
Michael Eckerstorfer ◽  
Samson Simon ◽  
Walter Stepanek
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Gmo Labeling ◽  
The Eu

It is difficult to trace and identify genome-edited food and feed products if relevant information is not made available to competent authorities. This results in major challenges, as genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory frameworks for food and feed that apply to countries such as the member states of the European Union (EU) require enforcement based on detection. An international anticipatory detection and identification framework for voluntary collaboration and collation of disclosed information on genome-edited plants could be a valuable tool to address these challenges caused by data gaps. Scrutinizing different information sources and establishing a level of information that is sufficient to unambiguously conclude on the application of genome editing in the plant breeding process can support the identification of genome-edited products by complementing the results of analytical detection. International coordination to set up an appropriate state-of-the-art database is recommended to overcome the difficulty caused by the non-harmonized bio-safety regulation requirements of genome-edited food and feed products in various countries. This approach helps to avoid trade disruptions and to facilitate GMO/non-GMO labeling schemes. Implementation of the legal requirements for genome-edited food and feed products in the EU and elsewhere would substantially benefit from such an anticipatory framework.

scholarly journals Environmental decay and the illegal market in e-waste from a European perspective: current problems and future directions

10.17345/1086 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Dalla Gasperina
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Eu

In the last decade, the growth in electronics production and consumption has been coupled with an increase in the illegal export of electrical and electronic waste (or “e-waste”) beyond the borders of the European Union (EU). Shipped to illegal recycling facilities in less industrialized countries, e-waste is a severe threat to the integrity of local environments and a potential source of ecosystem and biodiversity loss. Although the extent of the damage caused by e-waste pollution is unknown, scientific studies have warned of the perils of hazardous substances, which are released during primitive e-waste recycling activities in countries such as China, Ghana and Nigeria.  Drawing insights from the scientific literature, this paper illustrates how the problem of e-waste pollution is intrinsically linked to the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. In particular, it argues that much greater attention should be paid to the EU Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) and to the proposals to recast the two Directives because of their potential to enhance environmental protection globally. Nonetheless, underpinning this scrutiny is the contention that shortcomings in the EU legal framework on e-waste could ultimately affect the environment and biodiversity of less industrialized states. 

scholarly journals The EU-FP7 ERA-CLIM2 Project Contribution to Advancing Science and Production of Earth System Climate Reanalyses

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Buizza ◽  
Stefan Brönnimann ◽  
Leopold Haimberger ◽  
Patrick Laloyaux ◽  
Matthew J. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
European Union ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations 2 (ERA-CLIM2) is a European Union Seventh Framework Project started in January 2014 and due to be completed in December 2017. It aims to produce coupled reanalyses, which are physically consistent datasets describing the evolution of the global atmosphere, ocean, land surface, cryosphere, and the carbon cycle. ERA-CLIM2 has contributed to advancing the capacity for producing state-of-the-art climate reanalyses that extend back to the early twentieth century. ERA-CLIM2 has led to the generation of the first European ensemble of coupled ocean, sea ice, land, and atmosphere reanalyses of the twentieth century. The project has funded work to rescue and prepare observations and to advance the data-assimilation systems required to generate operational reanalyses, such as the ones planned by the European Union Copernicus Climate Change Service. This paper summarizes the main goals of the project, discusses some of its main areas of activities, and presents some of its key results.

8. Europeanization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja A. Börzel ◽  
Diana Panke
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Important Field ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the concept of Europeanization and why it has become prominent in research on the European Union and its member states. It first explains what Europeanization means before discussing the main approaches used in studying Europeanization. It then reviews the state of the art with particular reference to ‘top-down’ Europeanization (how the EU affects states) and illustrates the theoretical arguments with empirical examples. It also considers ‘bottom-up’ Europeanization (how states can influence the EU), offers some theoretical explanations for the empirical patterns observed, and provides an overview of research that explores the relationship between bottom-up and top-down Europeanization. Finally, it reflects on the future of Europeanization research and suggests that Europeanization will continue to be an important field of EU research for the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals Environmental decay and the illegal market in e-waste from a European perspective: current problems and future directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Dalla Gasperina
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Eu

In the last decade, the growth in electronics production and consumption has been coupled with an increase in the illegal export of electrical and electronic waste (or “e-waste”) beyond the borders of the European Union (EU). Shipped to illegal recycling facilities in less industrialized countries, e-waste is a severe threat to the integrity of local environments and a potential source of ecosystem and biodiversity loss. Although the extent of the damage caused by e-waste pollution is unknown, scientific studies have warned of the perils of hazardous substances, which are released during primitive e-waste recycling activities in countries such as China, Ghana and Nigeria.  Drawing insights from the scientific literature, this paper illustrates how the problem of e-waste pollution is intrinsically linked to the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation. In particular, it argues that much greater attention should be paid to the EU Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) and to the proposals to recast the two Directives because of their potential to enhance environmental protection globally. Nonetheless, underpinning this scrutiny is the contention that shortcomings in the EU legal framework on e-waste could ultimately affect the environment and biodiversity of less industrialized states. 

Beyond Robotics: A New Proactive Research Initiative from the EU IST Program

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-248
Author(s):  
Pekka Karp
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
The Eu

A research initiative on embodied artificial intelligence has been launched in 2004 by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) arm of the Information Society Technologies (IST) programme of the European Union. The initiative is called “Beyond Robotics” to emphasize that the research projects funded are required to set ambitious objectives and to aim at breakthroughs going well beyond the state of the art. Four projects worth 20 M € of EC funding were selected for 2004–2008 to address the objectives of the initiative.

scholarly journals Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Luca Tomini ◽  
Seda Gürkan
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Art Research ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In ECE countries, democratisation and Europeanisation seemed to exist in a mutually reinforcing relationship and both concepts provided the main analytical lenses for studying these states. In the light of recent illiberal and anti-EU politics, two different concepts have started to receive increasing scholarly attention, namely the concepts of de-Europeanisation and autocratisation. Their exact meaning, however, remains unclear and the causal link between these specific processes and the rule of law has largely remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this chapter first summarises the state-of-the-art research on autocratisation and de-Europeanisation, and then examines the interaction and causal link between these two phenomena in times of declining democracies in Europe and rule of law problems.

Russia - European Union: The continuation ofthe sanctions standoff

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
M. Klinova ◽  
E. Sidorova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Year 2013

The article deals with economic sanctions and their impact on the state and prospects of the neighboring partner economies - the European Union (EU) and Russia. It provides comparisons of current data with that of the year 2013 (before sanctions) to demonstrate the impact of sanctions on both sides. Despite the fact that Russia remains the EU’s key partner, it came out of the first three partners of the EU. The current economic recession is caused by different reasons, not only by sanctions. Both the EU and Russia have internal problems, which the sanctions confrontation only exacerbates. The article emphasizes the need for a speedy restoration of cooperation.

Avrupa’ya Türk göçü: Almanya örneği

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Milan Palat
Keyword(s):  
Network Theory ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
The Eu

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’den göç ve Almanya’nın ekonomik göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkiyi, nicel metot yöntemleri kullanarak değerlendirmektir. Türkiye’nin belirsiz Avrupa ile bütünleşme beklentilerine rağmen  Avrupa Birliğinin köklü üyelerine olan Türk göçü devam edecektir. Çok sayıda Türk azınlığın yaşadığı ve hayat standartlarının yüksek olduğu Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa’ya  büyük bir göç dalgası gerçekleşebilir. Çalışmanın istatistiksel bölümünün sonuçları, toplam göç ile gayri safi yurtiçi hasıladaki büyüme arasında pozitif, toplam göç ile işsizlik arasındaki negatif ve tahmin edilen bağımlılık yönüyle uygunluk içerisinde olan toplam göç ile aylık gelir arasında pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Türkiye’den göçle işsizlik arasındaki ilişki, toplam göçle olan ilişkiden daha düşüktür. Ancak, Almanya’daki yabancı mevcudiyeti ile Türkiye’den göç arasında bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, var olan göçmen topluluğunun olduğu yerin, yeni göçmenleri, köken bağlarına dayanarak cezbetmesi ve maliyet- riskler sebebiyle göçün düşük seviye de olduğuna dayanan kuramsal Ağ teorisi görüşü ile uygunluk göstermektedir. Göç ve işsizlik arasında gözlenen ilişki, Almanya’ya göçün  işgücü piyasasında talepte meydana gelen değişime karşılık geldiği gerçeğini göstermektedir. İşsizlik ve göç olgularının meydana geliş zamanlarında bir aralık  olsa bile  göç, Alman emek pazarında var olan dengesizliklerin azaltılmasında nispeten etkili bir mekanizma gibi görünmektedir. ENGLISH TITLE & ABSTRACTTurkish Immigration to the European Union: The Case of GermanyThe objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationships between immigration from Turkey and economic indicators in Germany using  quantitative methods. Despite Turkey’s unclear European integration prospects, it is predicted that Turkish immigration to  established member countries of the EU will continue. The strongest waves may flow to Germany, Netherlands or France, where numerous Turkish minorities are already present and where the living standards are high. Results from the statistical analysis of the paper showed a positive correlation between immigration total and the growth of gross domestic product. On the other hand, a negative correlation of immigration total and unemployment was found and a positive relationship between immigration total and income total which is in agreement with the expected dependency direction. With regards to  immigration from Turkey it is less correlated to unemployment than immigration total. But there is a correlation between immigration from Turkey and the stock of foreigners in Germany This is in accordance with the theoretical concept of network theory where an existing community of migrants keeps attracting new migrants because the costs and risks associated with migration are lower, thanks to established linkages to the country of origin. The observed correlation of migration and unemployment points to the fact that immigration to Germany responds to changes in demand in the labour market. Even though a time lag may occur in the case of unemployment and immigration, migration appears to be a relatively effective mechanism to offset existing imbalances in German labour markets. 

European Integration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann P. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Eu

Different understandings of European integration, its background and present problems are represented in this book, but they share an emphasis on historical processes, geopolitical dynamics and regional diversity. The introduction surveys approaches to the question of European continuities and discontinuities, before going on to an overview of chapters. The following three contributions deal with long-term perspectives, including the question of Europe as a civilisational entity, the civilisational crisis of the twentieth century, marked by wars and totalitarian regimes, and a comparison of the European Union with the Habsburg Empire, with particular emphasis on similar crisis symptoms. The next three chapters discuss various aspects and contexts of the present crisis. Reflections on the Brexit controversy throw light on a longer history of intra-Union rivalry, enduring disputes and changing external conditions. An analysis of efforts to strengthen the EU’s legal and constitutional framework, and of resistances to them, highlights the unfinished agenda of integration. A closer look at the much-disputed Islamic presence in Europe suggests that an interdependent radicalization of Islamism and the European extreme right is a major factor in current political developments. Three concluding chapters adopt specific regional perspectives. Central and Eastern European countries, especially Poland, are following a path that leads to conflicts with dominant orientations of the EU, but this also raises questions about Europe’s future. The record of Scandinavian policies in relation to Europe exemplifies more general problems faced by peripheral regions. Finally, growing dissonances and divergences within the EU may strengthen the case for Eurasian perspectives.

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