scholarly journals Effect of variety and seed rate on hydroponic maize fodder biomass yield, chemical composition, and water use efficiency

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Assefa ◽  
Mengistu Urge ◽  
Getachew Animut ◽  
Getnet Assefa
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Fodder Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency

Maize varieties BH540, BH660, BH661, and MVFG (unknown variety as local check) were evaluated at low (5.6 kg m-2), medium (7.6 kg m-2), and high (9.6 kg m-2) seed rate for hydroponic fodder productivity. A 3 ? 4m wide and 3 m height low-cost plastic house made of translucent plastic and a plastic trays made by bisecting a 25 liter capacity plastic oil container into two equal parts were used for growing the hydroponic fodder. The bottoms of the trays were drilled to open holes to drain excess water during irrigation and placed on shelves.The BH661 exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher dry fodder yield (6.63 kg) per square meter and per kg seed than the other varieties. Among the seed rates, the high seed rate has a higher (P< 0.01) Dry Mater (DM) fodder yield, but the medium and low seed rates had greater DM fodder conversion efficiency and lower cost per kg DM fodder production. Water use efficiency was lower for BH540 (64 kg DM fodder per cubic meter water) as compared to the other varieties that had similar values (90 to 95kg DM fodder per cubic meter water). Medium and high seed rates exhibited similar water use efficiency, and it is higher than the low seed rate. Therefore, the use of BH661 variety at medium seeding rate is recommended for maize hydroponic fodder production.

Effect of irrigation and defoliation on the herbage production and water use efficiency of four temperate pasture species

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Johns ◽  
A Lazenby
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use Efficiencies ◽  
Similar Quantity

Measurements were made over a 12-month period of the herbage production of both dryland and irrigated monoculture swards of four temperate pasture species under two defoliation regimes. By relating herbage production to the previously reported water use results for these swards, water use efficiencies (WUE) have been computed. Dryland clover produced 2000 kg/ha less herbage than did the dryland grasses, although it used a similar quantity of water. Consequently, the WUE of dryland clover was substantially less than that of the dryland grasses. Under dryland conditions, fescue not only produced more herbage, but also used water more efficiently than did the other species. Similar amounts of irrigation enabled the clover to yield an extra 6000 kg/ha of herbage compared with a mean grass response of 1760 kg/ha. The irrigated clover swards generally used water much more efficiently than the dryland clover swards. In contrast, the grasses generally used water with similar efficiency under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Under both irrigated and dryland conditions the frequently defoliated swards usually outyielded those cut infrequently as well as making more efficient use of water. The response of pastures to irrigation is discussed in terms of the effects of irrigation on the water status of the plants and the availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere.

scholarly journals Drought Differentially Affects Growth, Transpiration, and Water Use Efficiency of Mixed and Monospecific Planted Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Sinacore ◽  
Heidi Asbjornsen ◽  
Virginia Hernandez-Santana ◽  
Jefferson S. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Complementary Interactions ◽  
Use Efficiency

Drought conditions may have differential impacts on growth, transpiration, and water use efficiency (WUE) in mixed species and monospecific planted forests. Understanding the resistance (i.e., the capacity to maintain processes unchanged) of different tree species to drought, and how resistance is affected by complementary interactions within species mixtures, is particularly important in the seasonally dry tropics where projected increases in the frequency and severity of drought threaten tree planting efforts and water resources. Complementary interactions between species may lead to more resistant stands if complementarity leads to greater buffering capacity during drought. We examined growth, transpiration, and WUE of mixtures and monocultures of Terminalia amazonia (J.F. Gmel.) Exell and Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. before and during a prolonged drought using intensive measurements of tree sap flow and growth. Tree sapwood area growth was highest for T. amazonia in mixtures during normal (6.78 ± 4.08 mm2 yr−1) and drought (7.12 ± 4.85 mm2 yr−1) conditions compared to the other treatments. However, stand sapwood area growth was greatest for T. amazonia monocultures, followed by mixtures, and finally, D. retusa monocultures. There was a significant decrease in stand transpiration during drought for both mixtures and T. amazonia monocultures, while Dalbergia retusa monocultures were most water use efficient at both the tree and stand level. Treatments showed different levels of resistance to drought, with D. retusa monocultures being the most resistant, with non-significant changes of growth and transpiration before and during drought. Combining species with complementary traits and avoiding combinations where one species dominates the other, may maximize complementary interactions and reduce competitive interactions, leading to greater resistance to drought conditions.

scholarly journals Physiological parameters of cowpea treated with CaO-based particle film and subjected to water restriction

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Ganassali de Oliveira Júnior ◽  
Patrícia Lima de Souza Santos ◽  
Roberta Samara Nunes de Lima ◽  
Maria Priscilla Celestino Silveira ◽  
Jailson Lara Fagundes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Photosynthetic Assimilation

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of CaO-based particle film on the physiological parameters of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) subjected to water restriction. Plants were subjected to two levels of soil moisture and three concentrations of the film, as follows: control, without film + 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc); without film + 50% ETc; 5% CaO + 50% ETc; 10% CaO + 50% ETc; 5% CaO + 100% ETc; and 10% CaO + 100% ETc. Plants treated with 50% ETc remained stable with the application of 10% CaO particle film and showed high photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 (32 μmol m-2 s-1), moderate transpiration (5.6 mmol m-2 s-1), maintenance of chlorophyll content, and greater intrinsic water-use efficiency (IWUE, 226.65 μmol mol-1) and instantaneous water-use efficiency (6.06 μmol mmol-1) than plants of the other treatments. Control plants and plants at 5% CaO + 50% ETc showed, respectively, photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 at 15.34 and 15.94 μmol m-2 s-1, transpiration at 3.51 and 3.45 mmol m-2 s-1, and IWUE at 177.7 and 198.9 μmol mol-1. The CaO-based particle film is effective in protecting bean plants subjected to water restriction.

scholarly journals Induced Genetic Variations in Stomatal Density and Size of Rice Strongly Affect Water-Use Efficiency, Drought Tolerance, and Responses to Abiotic Stresses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutiara K. Pitaloka ◽  
Robert S. Caine ◽  
Christopher Hepworth ◽  
Emily L. Harrison ◽  
Jen Sloan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Stomata Density ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract BackgroundRice (Oryza sativa) is one of the world’s most important crops and is especially important in Asia. Because irrigated rice consumes about 34–43% of the total water used for irrigation globally, increasing drought and global temperature will increase the risk of rice crop loss. However, rice is among the least efficient crops in terms of water use, whereby most of the uptaken water is used for transpirational cooling via stomatal pores on the leaf blades and sheaths. To increase the water-use efficiency of rice, alterations in stomatal density and size may help to reduce transpiration and thereby increase water-use efficiency (WUE). ResultsWe identified four stomatal model lines—with either high-density (HD) or low-density (LD) stomata and small-sized (SS) or big-sized (BS) stomata—from the Mutant Core Collection (MCC) of 216 mutants. Gas exchange analysis revealed that the stomatal model lines have similar photosynthetic assimilation (A) and chlorophyll fluorescence. With increasing CO2 concentration, A of all stomatal model lines was observed to respond similarly at 100–600 ppm CO2, but beyond this point, SS was more responsive to increasing CO2 concentration than the other stomatal model lines. HD had higher stomatal conductance (gs) and gsmax than the other stomatal model lines. In response to a mild heat at 30 °C, both SS and LD had higher canopy temperature than HD, BS, and JHN-wt as a result of heat retention. All stomatal model lines are also similar in their rhythmic stomatal responses to ten-minute dark/light transition cycles, except that initial stomata closure in SS was more rapid than in BS. The stomatal model lines did not show any significant differences in the response to short-term water stress. Long-term water stress had less impact on leaf drying, Fv/Fm, grain yield, and harvest index in LD and SS. In the field, all stomatal model lines and JHN-wt had similar WUE in the sufficient-water treatment. LD had the highest WUE and biomass/plant than any stomatal model lines in the long-term restricted-water treatment. ConclusionsTaken together, our results suggest that induced alterations in stomata density and size influence rice WUE and the responses to drought and heat stresses, providing further understanding of the roles of stomata density and size in related processes. The low-density and small stomata lines have high potential as genetic donors for improving WUE and drought in climate-ready rice.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing methods, nutrients and seed rate on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) growth, productivity and water-use efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
Hari Ram ◽  
Guriqbal Singh ◽  
Navneet Aggarwal ◽  
H. S. Sekhon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Raised Bed

A experiment comprising of 18 treatments i.e. two sowing methods (flat bed - 30 cm spacing, and raisedbed with two mungbean (Vigna radiata) rows bed–1 on 67.5 cm including 30 cm furrow), three seed rates (10, 15 and 20 kg ha–1 ) and three nutrient treatments (6.25 + 20.0, 9.38 + 30.0 and 12.5 + 40.0 kg N+P2O5 ha–1 ) was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during kharif 2007 to 2009. The mungbean grain yield recorded in 2008 was similar in 2009 but higher than 2007. The increase of 3.94% in grain yield was recorded in raised-bed than in flat bed. The grain yield recorded with seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 was higher than with 10 kg ha–1 but similar with 15 kg ha-1 in 2006 and 2008. The grain yield recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 was higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. Raised-bed planting with 33.3% lesser irrigation water used recorded 3.91% lesser water use than flat bed planting and 9.77% higher water use efficiency (WUE) (p<0.05) as compared to flat bed planting. Seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 recorded 35.9 and 8.9% higher (p<0.05) WUE than with 10 and 15 kg ha-1 . The highest WUE was recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 which was higher (p<0.05) than 6.25 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha–1 but at par with 9.38 kg N + 24 kg P2O5 ha–1 .

scholarly journals Seedling Establishment, Biomass Yield and Water use Efficiencies of Four Maize Varieties as Influenced by Water Deficit Stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Anjorin ◽  
S.A. Adejumo ◽  
K.S. Are ◽  
D. J. Ogunniyan
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractWater stress is one of the major abiotic factors affecting crop growth and development at every growth stages. Effects of water deficit on the vegetative growth stage of four maize varieties consisting of two Quality Protein Maize varieties (ILE1OB and ART98SW6OB) and two drought tolerant checks (TZPBSR and DTESTRSYN) were evaluated under the screen house conditions at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (I.A.R & T), Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Maize seeds were sown in 20 L plastic pots filled with 15 kg top soil, which were subjected to four watering regimes of 25, 50, 75 and 100% field capacities (FC). The experimental design was a 4 × 4 factorial fitted into CRD with four replications. Data were collected on days to germination, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, leaf extension rate, biomass yield and water use efficiency. The result showed that days to germination were prolonged as the moisture availability decreases, while water use efficiency increased as the moisture level reduced. Reduction in moisture availability caused significant reduction in the other evaluated parameters. At 25% FC DTESTRSYN was superior in leaf area, number of leaves per plant, days to germination and water use efficiency, TZPBSR had highest values for stem diameter and biomass yield, while ILE1OB was superior in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem extension rate. ILE1OB competes favourably with the drought tolerant checks and performed better than ART98SW6OB. Adequate moisture condition is fundamental for normal growth and development in maize crops.

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