scholarly journals Chemical composition and biological protein value of milk of Tsigai sheep and their F2 cross-breeds of Chios

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250
Author(s):  
G. Gerchev ◽  
T. Iliev ◽  
S. Slavkova ◽  
G. Mihaylova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Chemical Index ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Mountain Pasture ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Vegetation Stage

The composition of milk was studied from purebred Tsigai sheep and F2 cross-breeds with Chios breed from 4th to 6th month of lactation, raised on a mountain pasture. The chemical analysis samples were taken from each sheep in the period of April-June. The content of fat, protein and amino acids was determined in individual samples and total sample formed by the milk yield from all animals, proportional to the daily milk yield from each individual. There is a tendency for higher milk yield and content of total protein and casein in milk of F2 cross-breeds of Chios in comparison with Tsigai sheep. Milk sheep from F2 crossbreeds of Chios had higher content of Lysine, as well as glutamic acid, methionine and leucine, in comparison to that form Tsigai sheep, respectively: 0.458?0.011. 1.389?0.040. 0.084?0.005 and 0.572?0.013. The milk chemical index in both groups of sheep was comparatively low and it constituted respectively 38.3% in Tsigai sheep and 35.4% in F2 cross-breeds, as a result of low concentrations of methionine and cysteine in milk. Biological value of milk obtained from Tsigai breed sheep and F2 milk cross-breeds of Chios had close values - respectively 92.01 and 91.87%. Results showed that the sward composition and the vegetation stage had an influence over the essential amino acids content in purebred Tsigai sheep and their cross-breeds with Chios breed.

scholarly journals Milk yield and chemical composition of sheep milk in Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska breeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gerchev ◽  
G. Mihaylova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milk Casein ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

The study was conducted from April to July on pastures located at different altitudes and of different sward composition during the milking period of Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska sheep. Morning bulk milk was sampled for analysis monthly between April and end of July. The purpose of the study was to establish the milk yield and to investigate the chemical composition of sheep milk obtained from Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska breeds reared on pastures at a different altitude and with different sward composition. The Tetevenska breed had a higher daily milk yield and exhibited a high percentage of casein in milk, while the milk from Srednostaroplaninska sheep had a higher content of macro elements - calcium, potassium, magnesium and some trace elements (iron and manganese). The milk fat content, including the percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in milk obtained from studied breeds, was similar. There was a tendency towards higher percentage of polyunsaturated and long-chain fatty acids in the milk of Srednostaroplaninska sheep, reared on mat grass pastures. Milk casein content was higher in the milk of Tetevenska sheep, as well as the content of non-essential amino acids as compared to Srednostaroplaninska sheep.

67. The Nutritive Value of Proteins for Milk Production. II. A Comparison of the Proteins of Blood Meal, Pea Meal, Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake, and a Mixture of Decorticated Earth-Nut Cake and Flaked Maize

1933 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Morris ◽  
Norman C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Food Protein

The results of the present experiments and of those reported in the previous paper(1) may be summarised as follows:1. When minimal quantities of protein are fed in the production rations of milking cows, a deficiency of either lysine or tryptophane will lead to a marked reduction in milk yield. There is, however, some evidence of the storage of reserve N, which can be utilised when the food protein is inadequate.2. The feeding of a lysine- or tryptophane-deficient ration causes a marked increase in urinary N, indicating a poor utilisation of food protein. On the other hand, the feeding of a ration containing adequate quantities of these essential amino acids reduces the urinary N, indicating efficient protein utilisation.3. The utilisation of body tissue in an attempt to maintain normal milk production on a deficient protein ration is shown by the high creatine excretion. The fact that the S: N ratio of the excess sulphur and nitrogen excreted during the deficient protein periods approximates that of body tissue (circa 1: 15·7) confirms this conclusion.

scholarly journals Changes in protein substances of brynza cheese under the influence of partial replacement of salt with potassium chloride

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (93) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
I. V. Skulska ◽  
O. Y. Tsisaryk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Chloride Determination ◽  
Kjeldahl Method ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

The results of studies of protein substances of brine cheese from sheep milk with partial replacement of salt with potassium chloride in the amount of  20 and 30 % are presented in the article. Benefits of cheese as a foodstuff are a large number of vitamins B, A, E, it is rich in minerals, including trace elements and essential amino acids. The bacterial preparation RSF-742 in combination with Fresh-Q (Chr. Hansen, Denmark) was used to make the cheese, which adversely affects the development of yeast and mold, thus extending the shelf life of the cheese. Two groups of cheese were made. The first group (without Fresh-Q): K (control) using NaCl; D1 and D2 with 20 % and 30 % replacement of NaCl by KCl, respectively. Second group (with Fresh-Q): CF using NaCl; DF1 and DF2 with 20 and 30 % replacement of NaCl by KCl, respectively. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the content of total Nitrogen, total soluble Nitrogen, Nitrogen of non-protein soluble nitrogen-containing compounds. The positive effect of salt replacement and the use of biosecurity culture on the course of proteolytic processes has been proved. Nitrogen content of soluble protein substances, which determines the dietary properties of cheese, increased in samples with 20 and 30 % replacement of table salt with potassium chloride. Determination of digestibility of proteins by digestive enzymes in vitro was performed using the basic method Pokrovsky-Ertanov. The essence of the method consists in the sequential effect on the protein of the object under study of the proteinase system and the removal by dialysis of some hydrolysis products to avoid inhibition of the reaction by low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids. Brynza with partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride is characterized by better digestibility compared to cheese, which is made by traditional technology. The data are confirmed by high rates of digestibility. The test specimens of the breeze according to these indicators fully meet the requirements of the current regulatory documentation.

Essential amino acids and their need by lactating cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
V. Ryadchikov ◽  
A. Tantawi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Metabolic Protein ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

Metabolic protein is the main source of truly absorbed amino acids. The determination of metabolic protein and metabolic acids is an important, but very difficult task. To do this, you need to know the exact number of incoming protein fractions in the small intestine as part of the duodenal fl ow of chymus, their digestibility, the fl ow of metabolism of essential amino acids from the intestine to the bloodstream and the coefficients of their use for milk protein biosynthesis and maintenance of life. The purpose of the research was to determine the need of lactating cows for metabolic essential amino acids by factorial method. During the researches, developed standards needs to metabolic essential amino acids for lactating cows (g/kg) milk with a content of 3,3 % (33 g/kg) crude protein and 3,15 % (31,5 g/kg) of pure protein and to maintain 1 kg/body weight 0,75, which allows to calculate the daily requirement in the absolute number of amino acids (g). The assessment of security of rations of lactating cows metabolic lysine and methionine has been shown coincidence with the norms of needs in the amount of 93 %; daily milk yield of natural milk under this provision of lysine and methionine were 38,7 % and 39,4. The availability of metabolic methionine was at the level of 77-85 %, which is explained by the unprocessed coefficients of transformation of metabolic methionine into pure methionine of milk protein. In the total duodenal fl ow of amino acids approximately 60-70 % is microbial protein and 30-40 % is non-degradable protein in the rumen. It has been found that the digestibility of dry and organic matter in the rumen and the general digestive tract in relation to UDP:DP 35: 65 % crude protein is 2-3 % (absolute) higher than for UDP:DP = 50:50 % crude protein.

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS IN MICROORGANISMS

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Reusser ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer ◽  
H. R. Sallans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Determination ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acid Determination

The cells of 19 species of bacteria, actinomyces, and yeasts were analyzed for protein and essential amino acids. A rapid quantitative method for amino acid determination using one-dimensional paper chromatography was developed. The cellular protein from all species contained relatively high concentrations of lysine, somewhat lower concentrations of tryptophan and threonine, and very low concentrations of methionine. All of the 10 essential amino acids were found in each species tested, although individual differences in the relative and absolute amounts were observed.

Effect of 75% replacement of dietary N by urea and ammonium sulphate on the composition and properties of sheep's milk

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
G. Tanev
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Clotting ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Control Milk

SummaryA 23-week trial was conducted using 4 groups each of 6 ewes to study the effects on milk yield and composition of substituting non-protein nitrogen (NPN) for 75 % of the dietary nitrogen. The control group received a winter ration which included silage followed by a summer ration containing lucerne. The test groups received substitutes of urea, ammonium sulphate, or urea+(NH4)2SO4. The milk yield of the test groups was lower (P< 0·01) than that of the control group. Depression of the fat content of the milk reached statistical significance (P< 0·01) in the groups receiving (NH4)2SO4and urea+(NH4)2SO4. In comparison with the control group, the protein content of the milk was greater in the group receiving urea and smaller in the other 2 test groups. The milks of the test groups had lower amounts of essential amino acids in the free state and higher amounts of non-essential amino acids than did the control milk. Milk-clotting time was increased in the test groups; the increase was greatest (P< 0·01) for the group receiving (NH4)2SO4and least (P< 0·05) for that receiving urea.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of russian black pied and holstein cattle breeds of foreign breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
O.V. Gorelik ◽  
А.S. Gorelik ◽  
M.A. Tokoreva ◽  
N.I. Sorokina ◽  
G.V. Mkrtchyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

A related Holstein breed has recently been used to improve domestic dairy cattle and create highly productive herds by purchasing semen from breeding bulls, as well as a large number of heifers and calves of foreign breeding. The purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of the productive qualities of Black Pied and Holstein cows of foreign breeding. Purebred Holstein cows differ from animals of Black Pied breed in milk yield per lactation by 1064 kg or 15.2% (P≤0.01, in favor of Holstein cows). In terms of quality indicators of milk, that are the content of fat and protein in milk, the superiority remained with Black Pied cows. The difference was significant at P≤0.05 for fat content in milk and at P≤0.001 for protein content. Both groups of cows exceeded the breed standard for milk yield per lactation, mass fraction of fat and mass fraction of protein in milk. The milk of the Russian Black Pied cattle contains more essential amino acids. The milk of cows of both breeds can be considered complete, since the amount of limited amino acids in the milk of purebred Holstein cows of foreign breeding is over 95% of their content in the ideal protein.

scholarly journals Addition of Tannin in Lamb Diets after Weaning: Impact on Performance and Hematological and Biochemical Variables

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Lucianer ◽  
Aleksandro Schafer da Silva ◽  
Chrystian Jassana Cazarotto ◽  
Davi Fernando Alba ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Griss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Body Condition Scores

Background: In ruminants, the weaning period is a critical phase, because these young animals are allocated to various facilities and receive different feeds. Alternatively, supplements and additives can be used. The tannins are polyphenols produced by plants; constitute a group of complex secondary metabolic factors that inhibit the consumption by herbivores or the development of microbial agents. The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees (Schinopsis lorentzii) in lamb diets after weaning would have beneficial effects on growth and health.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty lambs were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (10 lambs/treatment): T1 (0%; control), T2, T3, and T4 was 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 % of quebracho extract in the diet, respectively. The T2 (0.3%) lambs had greater body condition scores (P = 0.005), and although they did not differ significantly, they had numerically greater body weight (P = 0.067) and weight gain (P = 0.072), than the control lambs. The anthelmintic and anticoccidial effect was not possible to verify because no animals in any group were naturally infected by helminths or coccidia. The T4 lambs had greater numbers of erythrocytes (days 10 and 40) [P < 0.05], greater hemoglobin concentrations (days 10 and 40), and greater numbers of total leukocytes (day 10) as a result of greater numbers of neutrophil at the end of the adaptation period (day 10) compared to T1. The T3 and T4 lambs had greater (P < 0.05) serum total protein (days 10 and 40) because of greater concentration of serum globulins (days 10 and 40) compared to T1, suggesting that the addition of tannin stimulated the immune system. The addition of quebracho in the diet affected serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol at some times and treatments (P < 0.05). However, these changes did not follow a pattern; this finding only suggested that there was an influence on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The T2 lambs showed no differences on hemogram or serum clinic biochemistries (P > 0.05); however, they had a greater body condition scores than T1 (P < 0.05).Discussion: According to literature, if condensed tannins are supplied in moderate quantities (≤ 5% of diet) to ruminants, they can prevent bloating, increase the supply of undegraded protein in the rumen and improve the use of essential amino acids. It is also known that tannins in diet may increase urea recycling efficiency by increasing the concentration of urea in saliva and salivary flow into the rumen. Studies observed that cattle and sheep given feed containing condensed tannins had higher production of wool, meat, milk, and ovulation rates in females, desirable effects on animal production. According to the literature, dietary supplementation with tannins from chestnut and quebracho (2 g/kg of feed) to Holstein cattle changed the composition of the ruminal microbiota, particularly the bacteria that degrade fiber and starch, reducing the abundance of Prevotella and Fibrobacter, favoring Ruminococcaceae and other members of the phylum Firmicutes, increasing the pH and decreasing urease activity in ruminal fluid. Therefore, when tannins are supplemented at low concentrations, they can stimulate the intake and utilization of essential amino acids in the small intestine, increasing performance and exerting an anthelmintic effect. Our study found that the addition of 0.3% of quebracho in the diet improved lamb growth and health after weaning. It is therefore an additive that can be used to feed lambs in critical post weaning period.

scholarly journals Amino acid composition of sheep milk from the tsigai breed

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Gercho Gerchev ◽  
Gyurga Mihaylova ◽  
G. Ouzounov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Sheep Milk

The amino acid composition of total protein in sheep milk obtained from ewes of Tsigai breed during the grazing season (April - July) in 2002 was determined. The variation in the amounts of total protein and the dry fat-free residue in the milk produced during the grazing season exercise impact on its amino acid composition. Generally, sheep milk had higher percentage of monoaminocarbonic acids ranging from 13.1% to 13.4%. The total amount of essential amino acids increases proportionally to the changes in the milk composition during the grazing season.

Quantitative aspects of ruminant predicting animal performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Hanigan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Substrate Removal ◽  
Endocrine Status ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Fixed Constant ◽  
Critical Components

AbstractRations for dairy cattle are currently balanced to meet needs for energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals. While individual vitamins and minerals are considered, energy and protein are generally treated in aggregate even though entities within those aggregates can affect milk yield and composition. Significant efforts have been undertaken to describe ruminal metabolism in detail, but descriptions of post-absorptive metabolism assume constant fractional conversions of energy and protein to milk. A quantitative understanding of nutrient metabolism by the post-absorptive tissues is required, and the splanchnic tissues are critical components of the post-absorptive system as they mediate absorption of nutrients and play a rôle in regulation of metabolite availability.Glucogenic precursor supply can significantly affect endocrine status as well as splanchnic release of glucose, acetate, lactate, ketones, and the non-essential amino acids. Although the relative affinities of the splanchnic tissues for the essential amino acids (AA) are low as compared with the udder, net clearance on a daily basis represents approximately 2/3 of the net supply to the animal due largely to recycling of AA back to the tissue bed. This could be significantly reduced by stimulating removal and use by the udder as splanchnic affinities are much lower than mammary affinities. Additionally, the essential AA composition of absorbed protein is significantly modified by these tissues due to differing affinities for each of the AA. The extent of that modification is not a fixed constant but rather a function of several factors including milk yield. The accuracy of our current feeding systems could be improved if such variable rates of substrate removal replaced current static estimates.

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